جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « نابینایی » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The presence of a blind child in the family puts a lot of pressure on the caregivers, especially the mother. Therefore, the mother’s mental and emotional condition is affected and disturbs her ability to balance time. By knowing the pattern of time use in mothers of blind children, it is possible to help improve the health and quality of life of these mothers. This study aims to evaluate the time use in mothers of children with blindness compared to the mothers of healthy children.

This is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. Ninety mothers of blind and healthy children aged 6-14 years participated in this study. Mothers were selected from among those whose children were in exceptional schools of Shahid Mohebi, Narjes, and Khazaeili and normal schools in West of Tehran, Iran using a convenience sampling method. Mothers’ time use for different activities was evaluated by the Persian version of the Mothers’ time Use questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software versio 21 using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.

Mothers of children with blindness spent more time on household chores and childcare and less time on sleeping/resting compared to the mothers of healthy children (50.0≥P).

The presence of a blind child in the family affects the ability of mothers in balancing the time and the quality of the time spent by them on daily activities. Therefore, there is a need to pay attention to balance of time as a variable of health and quality of life.

The objective of this research was the assessment and evaluation of play and music’s effectiveness on the anxiety, depression, and self-esteem of elementary school students (second grade) with visual impairment. 

The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design and with a control group. The statistical population included 60 students in the age range of 9-15 years (mean=11.74 years). The Cochran’s sampling method was performed after screening with the Spence anxiety tests, depression and children’s self-esteem assessment, and age-based peer-to-peer visualization. A total of 28 subjects were selected. The SPSS software and statistical methods of analysis of covariance, independent t-test, and even t-test were utilized for data analysis.

A comparison of pre- and posttest findings indicated that play and music do have a role in children’s anxiety, depression, and self-esteem of the subjects with visual impairment. However, the covariance analysis findings showed a significant difference only in the anxiety in the experimental group (P=0.002).

Play and music can reduce the anxiety of children with visual impairments.

Blindness always means the inability to perceive the surrounding images and visualize them, which in turn leads to poor sensory perception and social communication. The blind perceives and visualizes the world around them by relying on other senses (hearing, touch, smell, and taste). Thus, the painting of the blind represents an embodiment of the world around them. A review of the literature shows that in the research done so far, the brain ability of the blind in visual visualization, the activity of the visual cortex and its relationship with mental imagery have mainly been studied from a physiological and psychological perspective. In terms of emphasizing the ability of mental visualization in blind people, there are commonalities with this research, with the difference that in the forthcoming research, the focus is on the visual results of this capability. However, the blind and how it is possible to analyze and understand the world of the blind have not been researched in this field. The purpose of the current research was to evaluate and analyze the visual quality of the mental images drawn by the blind.

This research was conducted with a combined quantitative-qualitative research method, so that the results obtained from painting education to 10 blind people aged 12 to 18 years have been studied. Paintings had three themes: painting based on a tangible model, imaginary painting, and free painting. It should be noted that the tools, conditions and training hours were the same for all members of this group. A total of 100 paintings have been selected as a case study (10 works from each blind person) and were analyzed descriptively based on visual characteristics: color, texture, line, and surface. From the analysis of quantitative results obtained on case samples, the main visual features in the paintings of the blind were inferred and identified.

The research findings showed that, images and forms used in blind painting, regardless of the representation of objects, can also express their thoughts, feelings, and emotions. It is inferred that the use of pure colors, texture, embossing, using dots instead of lines, and 2D drawing were the 4 main visual components in the paintings of the blind. Analyzing the quantitative data of this research and achieving the dominant visual features in the paintings of the blind, as well as its compliance with the views and theories expressed in the theoretical framework, 7 main features were found as features of paintings in the blind: abstractionism, co-institutional (meaning construction of complex concepts from simple elements), hybrid perspective, unconventional and disproportionate composition, use of pure colors, transformation and distortion of familiar traits and symbolism.

According to the research findings, it is necessary to pay attention to the features of blind people's paintings to discover the world inside these people. Painting has an effective role in increasing self-confidence and strengthening the mental imagery of the blind. As a result, it can be used as a useful educational method for the blind.

In the Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO), the patient's vision usually disappears within a few seconds without pain. Recommended treatments include anterior chamber paracentesis (the removal of fluid from the anterior chamber), the intravenous injection of acetazolamide, breathing a mixture of oxygen as well as carbon dioxide, and direct injection of thrombolytic agents. Another treatment is the use of high pressure oxygen. In this review article, we will examine the effects of such treatment.

A review of articles and texts was done in Pubmed, Scopus, and Google scholar using key words, "central retinal artery occlusion" "sudden vision loss", "painless vision loss", and "hyperbaric oxygen therapy in CRAO".

Oxygen therapy showed beneficial effects in improving visual acuity in CRAO patients.

Oxygen therapy can be normobaric and hyperbaric. When patients do not respond well to 100% oxygen at normal pressure, Hyperbaric oxygen (pressure above 1.4 atmospheres) can be used to treat patients.

 This study was conducted to investigate the strategies used by visually impaired and blind people in Iran to cope with difficulty performing daily living activities.

 This research is a qualitative study using a content analysis method. The participants were 18 visually impaired and blind people who were purposefully selected from those referred to the Visual Aid Research Center of Iran University of Medical Sciences in Tehran City, Iran. A semi-structured interview was first used using general questions about some daily living activities to discover the participants’ experiences. Attempts were made to allow participants to express their experiences independently without the help of the interviewer. The interviews were recorded as an audio file. After the interview, the audio files were transcribed and analyzed using thematic content analysis. The key sentences were extracted from the main texts, and the strategies or concepts extracted from those sentences were identified. Common strategies were put under one category. After the data saturation, when no new concept was found in the sentences, the interviews ended. By examining similar strategies in a category, subcategories were defined, and finally, similar subcategories were placed in a more general category, and the main themes or strategies were identified.

 The Mean±SD age of the participants was 39.5±11 years, ranging from 22 to 66 years. Of 18 participants, 7 were blind, 7 had severe visual impairment, and 4 had moderate visual impairment. Their duration of blindness or visual impairment was more than five years. In terms of education, 7 had no high school diploma, and 11 had a high school diploma or higher degree. Vision loss was congenital in some subjects and acquired in others. We extracted 8 main themes or strategies used by the subjects to cope with difficulty performing daily living activities. These themes are trust in others, use of alternative senses, efficient vision care, use of technology, optimization of the living environment, avoiding a specific activity, increasing emotional intelligence, and use of intelligence and memory.

 The strategies used by the visually impaired and blind people in Iran are entirely personal and innovative and play an influential role in increasing their quality of life. According to their own statements, these strategies can solve their many problems in performing daily living activities.

Dental caries is a common childhood disease with a considerable effect on quality of life. In visually imparted children oral health and dental treatments are more complicated. To prevent oral diseases, it is necessary to educate visually impaired children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral hygiene training on oral health status in visually impaired children.

In this semi experimental study, 50 visually impaired children 8 to 12 years old were systematically recruited from visually impaired exceptional schools. Participants were randomly allocated into two control and study groups (25 each). Sillness and Loe plaque index was recorded in all 50 children at baseline and after intervention and follow up periods. The study group received oral hygiene instructions (rolling toothbrush technique) using Braille booklets and hand over hand education. The training repeated three times with two weeks’ intervals and at the end Plaque Index was measured in both groups ANOVA, T-test and Mann Whitney tests were employed to compare intra and inter groups statistical analyses. (α=0.05).

At the baseline, the mean plaque index score in the study group was 2.03±0.52 which decreased to 1.23±0.34 at the end of the intervention (P<0.001). Initially, in control group, the Plaque Index score was 2.26±0.49 which was 2.19±0.44 at the end of the study. Changes in Plaque Index scores were statistically significant between two groups. (P<0.001).

It was concluded that oral hygiene instructions using visually impaired specific training methods improved Plaque Index in these children.

Measurement of foot pressure variables can be used to assess the loads to which the human body is subjected in normal activities, like walking, or in more demanding situations such as sports. The purpose of this study was to compare the foot pressure variables in blind and healthy individuals with open and closed eyes during walking.

The present study was a quasi-experimental and laboratory study with pretest-posttest design. The statistic samples included 13 blind men with the mean age of 29.05±3.28 years and 17 healthy men with the mean age of 24.22±1.31  years  participated in this study and were selected by available sampling method.. A foot scan (RS Scan International, Belgium) set was used for measuring planter pressure during walking. Variables data were recorded at a sampling frequency of 300 Hz. For data analysis, paired t-test was run to compare the means within the group; also, independent t-test run to compare the means between the groups using SPSS ver. 16 statistical software.

The results showed that the peak reaction time of the ground reaction force during the heel contact phase was 45.89% higher than blind people compared to the normal participants (p<0.023). The time to peak of vertical force during mid stance in the blind people was 38.97% more than in normal people with closed eyes (p<0.013). The peak vertical loading rate in the blind people was 41.65% lower than normal participants with closed eyes while walking (p<0/003).

Congenital blind people have less stance time in comparison with the healthy people with closed eyes. Decreased walking stance time seems to be related to improved their other senses that requires further research.

Blindness is one of the disabilities that has a major impact on the individualchr('39')s ability to function in everyday life and has psychological, emotional, cognitive, and social consequences. Self-care education in the blind kids can be effective in improving childrenchr('39')s mental and social status. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the effect of Orem’s self-care education on physical self-concept and socio-social isolation.

A single-group interventional study with pre- and post-test design was conducted on 28 blind children at Samani Blind School in Isfahan in 2018. The Orem self-care curriculum was presented in a 6 sections (each section 60 minutes) in 4 group 7-person with lecture and question-and-answer method. Then, self-concept and social isolation of these children were assessed using Pierce-Harris questionnaires Usher was assessed and recorded before and immediately after the intervention. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS software using Wilcoxon test and simple linear regression.

The results showed that none of the dimensions of physical self-concept and social isolation of children after Orem self-care education had a significant change compared to the previous one. None of the factors studied such as age, child gender or parental baseline information had significant effect on the rate of these children changing of physical self-concept and the social isolation.

Although Oremchr('39')s self-care education causes changes in the mean score of body self-concept and social isolation in blinded children but this change is not significant. In addition, it seems that by increasing the time for educational intervention, better results can be obtained.

Aging is an inevitable part of human life, which is associated with reduced ability, increased dependence, and susceptibility to a variety of diseases. Those who experience this period with previous long-term injuries are exposed to more difficulties. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of life and the ability to perform daily activities in elderly and middle-aged monocular veterans. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 among 1271 monocular veterans in 19 provinces of the country, who were selected by available sampling. The participants were divided into two groups: middle-aged (between 40 and 59 years) and elderly (60 years and older). The research tools were quality of life, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The data were analyzed by SPSS 23 software, using independent t-test and Mann-Whitney test. The mean age of the middle-aged and elderly veterans was 46.3±4.1 and 68.7±7.9 years, respectively. In quality of life, there was a significant difference in physical dimension (p=0.010) and 3 areas including physical functioning (p<0.001), limitation in physical role (p=0.003), and vitality (p=0.002) between two groups. In ADL, in both groups, the least independence was related to transfer and mobility on uneven surfaces. Except for the bowel control, there was a significant difference between two groups on all activities (p<0.001). In IADL, the highest dependency was on laundry and except for housekeeping, there was a significant difference between the two groups in all areas (p<0.05). The levels of quality of life, the ability to perform daily activities, and instrumental daily activities are lower in elderly monocular veterans compared to the middle-aged group.

Retinopathy due to prematurity (ROP) is considered as a complication of oxygen therapy that may be leading to blindness, in case of failure to diagnose and treat in time. The aim of this study was to introduce the boy twins who turned blind due to retinopathy resulting from child prematurity and parents’ insufficient education.
Case Report: A 20-year-old mother, experiencing her first pregnancy, which was of twins type, and with complaints from rupture of membranes and high blood pressure, referred to a birth center and delivered. The result of this vaginal birth was two boys that were 28 weeks old and went through ten days of oxygen therapy, due to preterm delivery, and then were discharged. Two months after the birth to twins, the mother noticed their lack of response to light and after going to the doctor, retinopathy due to prematurity was diagnosed. Babies did not respond to treatment and both turned blind. The twins’ mother considers the lack of her awareness and negligence of the care team regarding post-clearance education and lack of follow up as the reasons for the delay in her referring to the hospital.
Prevention of precocious retinopathy requires parental education about prematurity and its complications, as well as precise follow up of preterm infants after discharge.

The aim of this study was determination of the relationship between fitness and posture alignment in blind and deaf children.
Material and

Sixteen blind, 30 deaf and 60 healthy children (6-12 years) were participated in this study. Physical fitness was examined with 3minute step test, sit ups, hand grip strength test, sit-and-reach and trunklifting. Spinal curvature was assessed with spinal mouse, and head and shoulder posture was assessed with photography. Pearson correlation test was used (α=0/05) for data analyzing.

Results of this study showed that there was relationship between the BMI and kyphosis, hand grip strength and FSP, Flexibility and uneven shoulder, flexibility and lordosis in blind children. In deaf children, there was relationship between the BMI and kyphosis, VO2 peak and scoliosis, uneven shoulder and FSP, muscle endurance and thoracic scoliosis and FHP, muscle strength and scoliosis, flexibility and uneven shoulder and FSP, trunk flexibility and kyphosis, scoliosis and FHP. In normal children, there was relationship between the hand grip strength, kyphosis, scoliosis and lordosis and between trunk flexibility lordosis and scoliosis.

The relationship between the Physical fitness and posture in blind and deaf children necessitates the attention to both physical fitness and corrective exercises in physical education programs in schools and guiding these children toward appropriate sporting activities.

Visual inputs in the neuromuscular response process of the central nerve system have an important role in various motor tasks. The identification of the influence of lack of visual input on gait in blind people may be useful in rehabilitation planning and correction of gait pattern. The aims of this study were to compare spatio-temporal variables and the symmetry index of gait among blind and healthy individuals, and investigate the effects of closing the eyes on kinematics of gait in healthy subjects.
Material and In the present study, 10 blind and 10 healthy subjects with similar age, height, and mass participated. Spatio-temporal variables of gait were measured in blind subjects without a cane and in normal subjects with and without vision. The differences between the two groups and the two walking conditions were determined through repeated measure and significance level of P Stride length, step length, and gait velocity were lower in blind individuals than healthy individuals with vision (P Blindness is accompanied with reduced walking speed and step and stride length. Lack of vision in healthy subjects, caused increased stride time, single support time, and fluctuation time and decreased cadence. Stride length, step length, and stride time in healthy subjects without vision were greater than in blind individuals. It seems that the role of proprioceptive receptors is more pronounced in blind individuals than normal individuals.

Vision impairment yields significant social and economic burden around the world. The initial step in the prevention of blindness is recognizing its current situation and main causes. The prevalence of blindness is 1. 1% in the village of Chaharborj which is located in the northeastern part of Iran. This study aimed to identify the behavioral preventive factors of blindness in a village of Esfarayen city based on BASNEF model. In this cross-sectional study، the number of 330 samples aged 15 to 64 selected from the residents of the Chaharborj village through multi stage sampling method. Participants were classified into three groups: single، married after diagnostic tests and married before testing the existence of blindness gene. Study participants completed a questionnaire which developed based on the BASNEF mod elthrough interviews. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16 applying the Pearson statistical test، Chi-square test، independent t-test and analysis of variance with the significance level of p<0. 05. scores of awareness and other constructs of the BASNEF model for prevention of blindness were not favorable. Remoteness of laboratory and lack of desire in the people outside of the village to marry with Chaharborj residents due to the fear of blindness were the main determinant factors in prevention of blindness. The most influential subjective norms were advisedby physicians and health staff. Awareness was significantly correlated with attitude and in turn، the attitude was correlated with enabling factors among three study groups. In the first group، there was a significant and direct correlation between awareness، attitude and intention to behavior. In the second study group، knowledge and enabling factors were significantly correlated with awareness and enabling factors. Training of village residents and beyond about the mechanisms of blindness should lead to create preventive norms، attitude and intention to prevent behavior and considering blindness as a preventable disease. Due to the important role of providing facilities in adoption of behavior،accessible conciseexamination should be considered in the national policies and programs.

Vision is the most powerful source of perception of the external world, and is responsible for transferring 80-90 percent of information to the mind. So, even slight disorders in its functions cause severe deviations in physical, psychological and motor growth. The purpose of this study was to study the motor reaction capability in blind and visually impaired children by comparing them with their healthy equals. The study population of this descriptive-comparative study consisted of 8 to12 year-old students of Kermanshah’s public schools. Sixty five students were selected through cluster sampling as the healthy group. Thirty students with a visual sharpness of 0.05-0.04 Diopter in the superior eye volunteered from public and exceptional schools as the group with visual impairment. And 16 students with a maximum visual sharpness of 0.04 Diopter in the superior eye volunteered as the blind group. The subjects’ reactions were measured by the ruler test. Data analysis was done by descriptive and inferential statistics (one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey’s test) to examine the difference in means at a p≤0.05. There were significant differences between the motor reaction capability of ‘blind & visually impaired’ and healthy children, such that blind children were in a better condition. The results indicate that blind & visually impaired individuals have a high capacity to learn relief mechanisms to compensate for their defective visual receptors.

Background & War as a detrimental event causes various physical and psychological disorders. One of these serious complications is blindness. Whereas the blindness may affect the adjustment state of warfare veterans and also the psychological effects of blindness was not studied. So this study was performed to detect the various dimensions of adjustment status among warfare Veterans with one eye blindness in Zanjan city، 2011. In this crosssectional descriptive study، 45 warfare veterans of zanjan city participated in the study according to census. Data was collected by Bell Adjustment inventory. We used SPSS ver. 16 and ANOVA test and correlation for statistical analysis. The results showed that 53/4% of samples had weak emotional adjustment and 44/4% of samples had week social adjustment. In health adjustment mode، most of them (66/7%) had week status as compared with other detentions. But in home adjustment most of them (66/7%) had moderate status. There was a meaningful correlation between age and social adjustment (p=0/03) and between age and health adjustment (p=0/04). In this study، a lot of veterans had not a good adjustment in the emotional، social and health mode. So it is expected from authorities of our country to pay a lot of attention to the psychological status of veterans and holds the educational sessions about life skills and providing the consultation facility to promote the health of veterans.

The aim of this paper was to study static and dynamic balance in male athletes and non-athletes in 3 groups healthy، blind and deaf. In this analytical study، 86 male subjects with age between 18 to 36، purposefully were selected non-randomly. Balance Error Scoring System (BESS) & Y balance test were used to measure Static & dynamic balance. Statistical methods included One-Way ANOVA and paired T-test. The results showed that there was not any significant difference between dominant and non-dominant limbs in any groups for Y dynamic balance test (p ≥ 0. 05). Moreover، there was not any significant difference in Y balance test in athletes group (F= 0. 83، df = 42، p=0. 44); whilst between non_ athletes group observed significant difference (F=10. 15، df =38، p=0. 001). There was significant difference between static balance of athlete group (F= 10. 11، df =42، p=0. 001) but this difference was not observed in non-athletic group (F=1. 37، df =38، p=0. 331). In general، athletes’ performance were better than non-athletes’ in both static and dynamic tests. Similarity between dominant and non-dominant limbs indicates that performance on this test using a non-injured lower extremity may serve as a reasonable measure for»normal «when testing an injured lower extremity. Seem sensory impairment people can their balance level to healthy people with exercise and so risk of injury decrease in daily performance and or exercise performance.

Phonological processing skills include the abilities to restore، retrieve and use memorized phonological codes. The purpose of this research is to compare and evaluate phonological processing skills in 6-7 year old blind and sighted Persian speakers in Tehran، Iran. This research is an analysis-comparison study. The subjects were 24 blind and 24 sighted children. The evaluation test of reading and writing disorders in primary school students، linguistic and cognitive abilities test، and the naming subtest of the aphasia evaluation test were used as research tools. Sighted children were found to perform better on phoneme recognition of nonwords and flower naming subtests; and the difference was significant (p<0. 001). Blind children performed better in words and sentence memory; the difference was significant (p<0. 001). There were no significant differences in other subtests. Blind children''s better performance in memory tasks is due to the fact that they have powerful auditory memory.

This study is aimed to investigate the independency status of the male elderly blind war survivors. Methods and Materials: The study was a cross sectional study on 312 male elderly blind war survivors over 40-year in Mashad city (Iran). The analysis compared among 3 age groups; 40-49, 50-59 and over 60 years old. Barthel index and Lawton-Bordy were used to assess activities of daily living (ADL). Data analysis conducted in SPSS_16 using ANOVA, cross tables and Pearson tests.

Participants were 312 people with mean age of 47.3(6.71) who 99% were male, all married while 82% unemployed. None of the participants were independent in all daily activities (IADL). There was a significant association between level of education and independency in some activities of daily living. Independency in telephone use, drug management, financial management, transfers on leveled surfaces and stepping in, over 60-year old group were significantly less than the other age groups. Coclusions: As the male blind war survivors got older,, their independencies in activities of daily living obviously decreased. The result of this study suggested that such changes may occur earlier among blind people. More researches in regars to different action plans for aforementioned elderly are required to postpone these changes in order to improve their qualities of life.

Main feature of auditory processing abilities is temporal processing including temporal resolution, temporal ordering, temporal integration and temporal masking. Many studies have shown the superiority of blinds in temporal discrimination over sighted subjects. In this study, temporal processing was compared in congenital blind subjects with sighted controls via gap in noise test (GIN). This analytic-prescriptive non-invasive cohort study was conducted on 22 congenital blinds (11 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 26.22 years and 22 sighted control subjects (11 males and 11 females) with a mean age of 24.04 years with normal hearing in faculty of Rehabilitation Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Gap in noise test results, approximate threshold and percent of corrected answers, were obtained and then, were analyzed by Mann-Whitney non-parametric statistical test. There was a significant difference in the approximate threshold and the percent of corrected answers between congenital blinds and sighted control subjects (p<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between males and females in this regard (p>0.05). Auditory temporal resolution ability, the lower approximate threshold and the more corrected answers in gap in noise, in blind subjects is better than the sighted control group and it might be related to the compensative neuroplasticity after visual deprivation.

Background and Ëye injury seems to be mostly preventable، is common causes of visual loss. This study was conducted in order to evaluate ocular injury causes & prevalence in the Mazandaran province. This is a retrospective cross-sectional study carried out on existing data in 13 hospitals of the Mazandaran Üniversity of Medical Sciences during the years of 2007-2008. Kind of hospital، age، gender، causes of injury، procedures، complications; the time elapsed between injuries till to arrive to hospital، possibility of covering of eye at the time of injury، activity of patient at the time of injury، and the place of occurrence were different variables to be studied. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and Wilcoxon test using SPSS software. Ôf 264 hospitalized patients، 66 (% 25) were female، 196 (% 74. 2) were male and 2 (% 0. 8) were undetermined. The mean and standard deviation of age was 29±2 and the age of most damaged patients was between 21-30 years. Damage to the left eye occurred in 122 (% 46. 2) and to the right eye in 126 (% 47. 8) and subject to in both eyes 16 (% 6). The most frequent type of eye injury was open wound of eyelid and periocular area in 65 cases (% 24. 62). Most external causes of eye injury were bee sting، toxin and steam (% 21. 51). The most common procedure was corneal laceration repair 57 (% 23. 2) and the most complication was traumatic cataract in 9 cases (% 27. 2). Ïn this study only one patient had safety goggles during time of trauma. Çonclusion: Ïnjuries of eye in Mazandaran province need to be seriously reconsidered، and educational and preventing programs should be designed for young groups.