فهرست مطالب حبیب الله اسماعیلی

Having children is one of the important factors in the development of society and country. This research was carried out with the aim of determining the effect of educational intervention based on the stages of change on the attitude and behavior of married women to have children.

This Quasi experimental study was conducted on 80 married women (40 in the intervention group and 40 in the control group) under the cover of Saman Health Center Mashhad in 2022. Sampling was done by simple random method. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire was used whose validity and reliability were confirmed. Educational program was held in 4 sessions for one month for the intervention group and the participants in both groups answered the questionnaire questions before and 3 months after the intervention. The data was analyzed by SPSS 20. 

The mean attitude scores of women in the intervention group before and 3 months after the intervention were 16.01±2.21, 17.85±2.06. Statistical tests showed a significant relationship between education and women's attitude towards having children (P<0.01). Also, the educational intervention had an effect on changing behavior of women for having children (P>0.05).

The educational intervention in this study was able to significantly improve the attitude of married women in the field of childbearing. However, it is suggested that in the future programs of individuals, the stages of preparation and action in educational interventions should also be considered.

Training nurses on specialized nursing care lead to optimizing treatment and guaranteeing medical interventions and improving the quality of care for patients. The purpose of this study was to provide two educational methods to clinical staff and compare the effect of these two methods on their knowledge and practice.

 In this experimental study, 60 internal ward nurses were assigned to two groups: workshop and reflection. In the workshop group, educational content was presented in two two-hour sessions, one week apart. In the reflection group, first, in a three-hour session, after explaining the concept of reflection and the theoretical and practical explanation of the Gibbs model, then notebooks gave to them to write down related caring clinical situations from cirrhotic patients and describe and analyze their performance based on Gibbs model. This program was held for 4 weeks, one 60-minute session every week. A pre-test and a post-test (one month later) were conducted from two groups.

Paired t-test showed there is a statistically significant difference in the mean score of knowledge and performance of nurses after the intervention compared to before the intervention in both groups (P<0.001). After the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the performance score of the two groups (P=0.575). However, there was a significant difference in the mean score of knowledge between the two groups (P<0.001).

The results of this study indicate that there is a significant effect of reflection on nurses' knowledge in the care of patients with liver cirrhosis and the similar effect of reflection and workshop on nursing care function.

From the end of 2019 until now, the coronavirus pandemic created an extraordinary situation in the world, which resulted in an unprecedented social, political and economic crisis. The most critical solution to this pandemic is to fully comply with health protocols and public vaccination, which requires informing society and changing people's health and social behaviours. The present study was conducted to investigate the factors related to preventive behaviors against Corona)  SARS-CoV-2( among women in the suburbs of Mashhad using the Pender health promotion model.

In this Cross-sectional analysis study conducted in 2021, 300 women living in the suburbs of Mashhad were included by multi-stage sampling method, who were satisfied with the research., and a checklist of demographic information and an 82-question questionnaire designed based on Pender's health promotion model (whose validity and reliability were confirmed). The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS software.

Among the demographic characteristics of job variables (p=0.03), history of corona infection (p=0.01), vaccination (p=0.04), blood pressure (p=0.01), and diabetes (p=0.04) had a significant relationship with the structure of behavioral outcomes. The highest and lowest scores of the participants in the study were in the structure of Perceived Barriers (48.66 ± 12.87) and Commitment to Plan of Action (8.68 ± 1.42). Among the different parts of Pender's health promotion model, perceived self-efficacy (p<0.001, B=0.39), perceived benefits (p<0.001, B=0.13), interpersonal effects (p=0.001, B=0.16), and preferences (p<0.001, B=0.20) had a significant effect on the structure of behavioral consequences.

Self-efficacy is the strongest predictor of preventive behaviors against Corona. As a result, carrying out interventions to increase the self-efficacy of the residents of the outskirts of the city will probably lead to an increase in their behaviors of avoiding Covid-19 in them.

Employees of wastewater treatment plants are exposed to various harmful factors in the work environment that can threaten their health. In this research, the health status of the employees of Mashhad sewage treatment plants has been evaluated to help by implementing intervention programs to improve the health of employees.

In this descriptive-analytical study, (bioaerosols, UV rays, heat stress, and hydrogen disulfide gas) were measured in 5 treatment plants in Mashhad. All study variables, including health status, clinical tests, and job stress, were analyzed analytically in two operational and administrative employee groups. The standard HSE occupational stress questionnaire was used to investigate the state of occupational stress. All data were transferred to the computer and data analysis was done with the help of software SPSS20.

The amount of pollutants except H2S gas was lower than the national occupational exposure limit. The number of smokers, diabetics, knee pain, and hearing loss was higher among operational than administrative employees, and hypertension, increased cholesterol, back pain, and skin disease were also more common in office workers than operational workers, but there were no statistically significant differences. Obesity and overweight (p<0.009) and increased triglycerides (p<0.05) were more common in administrative than operational workers, which had statistically significant differences. The state of job stress in operational employees was statistically significant compared to administrative employees regarding role (p<0.018) and communication (p<0.002).

Appropriate occupational health interventions to reduce pollutants, implement ergonomic programs and improve nutrition and increase physical activity and stress management can play an effective role in improving the health of employees of these units.

Psychological empowerment is a reflection of the employees' understanding of the control of the work environment and psychologically it is a motivating force that increases their performance. This variable has been measured in some jobs, but due to different job conditions, it can have different results. Therefore, this study was conducted with the aim of determining the relationship between psychological ability and performance and job satisfaction in midwives working in Mashhad Medical Sciences Hospitals.

This descriptive correlational study was conducted with the participation of 85 midwives. Study data were collected through demographic information form and Spritzer psychological ability, Minnesota job satisfaction and Patterson job performance questionnaires. Data analysis was done in spss software version 19 and using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Spearman correlation coefficient, regression, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. The significance level of P was less than 0.05.

The results of this research showed that the average age of the participants in the study was 33.31 ± 8.1. In general, there was a positive and significant relationship between psychological ability, job satisfaction and job performance (0.491, rs=p<0.001), (0.6, rs=p<0.001). Also, there was a positive and significant relationship between job satisfaction and job performance (0.6, rs=p<0.001). There was a significant relationship between all the components of psychological capability, satisfaction and job performance, but the regression result showed that among the components of psychological capability, only the variable of feeling meaningful and effective had a significant relationship with changes in job satisfaction and job performance scores.
The mean age of the participants in the study was 33.31 ± 8.1. There was a direct and significant relationship between psychological ability, job satisfaction and job performance (0.491, rs=p<0.001), (0.6, rs=p<0.001). Also, a direct and significant relationship was observed between job satisfaction and job performance (0.6, rs=p<0.001). Among all the components of psychological ability, only the variable of feeling meaningful and effective had a significant relationship with changes in job satisfaction scores and job performance.

Psychological empowerment, feeling meaningful and effective were predictors for job satisfaction and performance. Trying to improve the empowerment of employees and considering solutions to increase feeling meaningful and effective can be considered a valuable strategy by managers.

patients hospitalized in ICU experience considerably discomfort due to special condition of ICU and particular situation of their illness but these patients cannot express their discomfort. Therefore, this study was conducted aimed to determine the rate of discomfort and its related factors in patients hospitalized in ICU.

this descriptive cross- sectional study was conducted on 220 hospitalized patients in state hospitals of Mashhad from September 2012 to September 2013 through accessible sampling. Perceived discomfort, the most important experienced discomfort and its rate during hospitalization were measured before discharge of ICU by an open-ended question and a researcher made questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS: 11.5.

minimum score of discomfort was 61 and maximum score was 210. The mean of discomfort was 86.54± 17.5. Therefore around 100% of participants experienced some extent of discomfort in ICU. More than 50% of patients reported the frequent blood sampling, feeling of thirst, feeling of loneliness, Pain, limited visiting, insomnia, hospitalization expenses, anxiety and fatigue as sources for their discomforts.

As to the finding, discomfort incidence in hospitalized patient in ICU is high. As the sources of discomfort such as frequent blood sampling, feeling of thirst, feeling of loneliness, pain, limited visiting etc could be modified, it is recommended to use effective strategies in order to decrease and modify these factors by managers, administrators especially nurses of ICU.Key words: Patient, intensive care, Discomfort factors

Due to the common pathogenesis of acne and androgenetic alopecia, many studies have been performed on the association of acne with alopecia in women, but this study tries to evaluate the relationship between the severity of acne and alopecia in men.

This descriptive-correlational study was performed on 150 male patients with acne referred to the clinic of Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad. The diagnosis of acne was made based on the clinical picture and by examining the patients, the severity of acne, the presence of alopecia in the person and its severity were evaluated. The severity of acne was divided into five degrees: mild, moderate, relatively severe, severe and very severe, depending on the type, number and location of the lesions. The severity of alopecia was divided into seven degrees according to the Hamilton-Norwood classification system. Chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests were used to analyze the data and the relationship between variables was assessed using Spearman correlation coefficient.

There is a correlation between the severity of acne and the severity of alopecia and due to the positive correlation coefficient with increasing severity of acne, the severity of alopecia also increases and this relationship is significant. (P-value=0.018 and rs=0.218)

In our study, there was a significant relationship between the severity of acne and the severity of alopecia, so that with increasing severity of acne, the severity of alopecia increases.

In Iran, with the advancement of technology and the development of registration statistics, the need to use data mining methods has attracted more attention from researchers. Regression and classification tree is one of the important methods in Big data modeling, which has attracted the attention of many researchers for community control and prediction. The purpose of this study is to determine the influencing variables on the occurrence of complications caused by diabetes.

This paper is a cross sectional-analytical study. In this research, all diabetic patients covered by Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2017 were extracted from the SINA system. The number of diabetics with complications was 5016 and diabetics without complications were 53613. The method of fitting the regression tree model and classification and measurement criteria of the model is the coefficient of determination and the area of the Rock curve and the Lift diagram.

The rock curve for the fitted tree model is 73.8%, which shows the relatively high power of the model. Based on the Lift chart, the decision-making power of diabetes complications increases 3.5 times for the person who comes to visit.

The results of the regression model and tree classification showed that, in descending order, age, risk assessment factor, FBS, HbA1C, total activity time, cholesterol, FBS and HDL, cardiovascular disease, history of stroke, blood pressure, cholesterol Statin prescription, job with hard physical activity, living area, consumed oil, walking, consumption of vegetables and gender are more effective than other factors in the occurrence of diabetes complications.

The meaning of the interpretation of Nowruz is that in the historical and literary texts of different periods until the end of the Safavid period, in accordance with the dominant discourse, Nowruz is assumed to be equal to the great days and according to the authors of these texts, have had and will have an effect on the yesterday, today and tomorrow of the inhabitants of Iran. The proofs of this statement are found in a treatise from the Sasanian era, Athar al-Baghiyyah al-Biruni, and narrations mentioned in some Nowruznameh of the Safavid era. In addition to the mentioned texts, according to the geographical scope of Nowruz culture, some Nowruz narratives written in Transoxiana were also examined, and the difference in the prevailing view from a geographical perspective was also revealed. The difference between the interpretation of Nowruz in the Safavid era Nowruz Nameh and the interpretation of Nowruz in the Nowruz Nameh in the other cultural area of Nowruz, namely Transoxiana, proves the existence of an Iranian type of Nowruz Nameh. In regard to above mentioned discussion, it had been compared the genealogy, three interpretations of Nowruz: the interpretation in terms of Proximity to effective days in historical fate with a descriptive-analytical method and a comparative approach.

the age when menarche start as a reproductive trait has undergone a significant decline over the twentieth century which is widely attributed to the environmental factors. The current study aims to investigate the environmental factors impacting on menarche in the girl’s school in Kermanshah, Iran.

in this case-control study, 400 participants of age 12 and over were recruited based on a cluster sampling strategy from three neighborhoods in Kermanshah, Iran. The questionnaires were measured based on demography, physical and socio-economical statues items. Logistic regression, Independent sample T test, Mann-Whitney and chi-square were used for statistical calculations.

It was observed that the girls with early menarche were significantly taller and heavier than non-menarcheal. The obese and overweight girls had respectively 3.36 and 2.55 higher chance to early age at menarche in comparison with normal BMI ones. The mean birth weight of early menarche girls was 0.18 kg lower than the healthy girls. However, there were no significant difference in the age of complementary feeding and the breast-feeding period among the two groups. The girls who had low physical activity(OR=0/56, 95% CI 0/32-0/98), medium , and high, had respectively 44%,48% and 59% lower risk of early menarche compared to inactive students. The statistical findings approved a correlation between the family income and premature menarche, whereas there was no correlation between parental education, occupational status and early menarche. Finally, girls whose mothers had also early menarche tended to have the same experience compared to control group.

Blood pressure is one of the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease and plays an important role in the progression of stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure and kidney failure. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hypertension and its control in MASHAD cohort study.

This study was performed on the MASHAD cohort study. Subjects in this study were divided into three groups with normotensive, pre-hypertensive and hypertensive subjects. The significance level of the tests was considered less than 5%.

In this cross-sectional study, 9704 individuals were recruited, of which 33.4% were healthy, 35% had pre-hypertension and 31.6% had hypertension. The prevalence of hypertension in men under 40 years was 15.9% and it was more than women. Also, the frequency of hypertension in women but not in men increased with age. Of all patients with hypertension in this study, 58.5% were aware of their disease. This number was 43.4% in men and 66.6% in women. Hypertension was controlled in 24% of patients, 16.3% of men and 28.6% of women.

The results of this study showed that more than one third of the study population had high blood pressure and more than one third had pre-hypertension. Also, more than half of the people were not aware of their blood pressure, and only 24% of those who were aware of their disease were able to control their disease.

Fatigue is one of the most common side effects which is known as one of the most important stressors and is expressed as a debilitating complaint. Despite advances in pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical fields, this problem still exists, so the present study was conducted to determine the effect of lowering the temperature of dialysis solutions on fatigue in these patients. This two-group randomized clinical trial was performed on 60 patients undergoing hemodialysis in Mashhad hospitals in 2017. The temperature of the dialysis solution was set at 35°C in the intervention group and 37°C in the control group. fatigue of patients in both groups was measured by the Piper scale before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18 statistical software and t-test, Mann-Whitney and paired t-test. The results showed that fatigue in patients undergoing cold hemodialysis was significantly reduced in the postoperative phase (P <0.05). Cold hemodialysis solution (35°C) can help reduce fatigue in hemodialysis patients. Therefore, it is recommended that care providers use this method to reduce the complications of hemodialysis in these patients.

Considering that the new corona virus (COVID -19) is still prevalent, one of the important concerns isthe variables affecting the severity of the corona disease in the health of the society. In this study, the CART algorithmwas fitted to predict and determin the status of patients infected with the of COVID-19 in Mashhad University ofMedical Sciences.

This paper is a cross sectional-analytical study. Dataset were obtained from all of peoplereferred for the disease of COVID -19 collected at the Sinai system during the second peak and the fourth peak ofthe disease in Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Data analysis was performed using JMP statistical softwareversion 13. Then for modeling, data mining methods and CART algorithm are used.

The descriptive findingsof our study showed that 6% of patients with positive PCR suffer from severe disease of COVID-19. The age variablewas very important in the severity of the disease. The age of 60 years old is the cut-off point for the severity ofthe disease, which increases the COVID-19 severe from about 3% under the age of 60 to about 18% over the age of60. The diseases of heart, kidney, respiratory, blood fat, and diabetes were other important variables.

The results of the CART model showed that for the age under 60 years the variables of heart disease, age, diabetes,respiratory disease, fat, gender and kidney, and for the age over 60 years the variables of age, heart disease, kidney,respiratory and diabetes were respectivly the most critical risk factors. According to the ROC curve, the fitted modelhas a good performance for COVID-19 severe disease, so that it increases up to 6 times the prediction of the COVID-19severe disease.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and compare family-work conflict from the perspective of working women and their husbands.

This descriptive correlational study was performed on 270 married working women and their spouses in 2017 to 2018 in Mashhad. The Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire consisting of 50 questions and the Carlson Work-Family Conflict Questionnaire including 183 questions were completed for working women and their husbands. The collected data, after ensuring the accuracy of data entry were evaluated and assessed.

In this study, a total of 540 people (270 couples) were included in the study with a mean age of 34.46 ± 6.61 years for women and a mean age of 38.15 ± 6.97 years for men. The scores obtained from the work-family conflict questionnaire show that the mean scores obtained from working women were 49.391 ± 1.47 and the mean scores of their husbands were 49.01 ± 12.67. The number of current children was positively and significantly correlated with time conflict (p value = 0.02) and the total score of work-family conflict (p value = 0.04).And the total score of work-family conflict (p value = 0.008) had a positive and significant correlation.

The number of current children and the number of desired children have a positive and significant correlation with time conflict, pressure and total score of work-family conflict. The results of this study help policy-makers determine and reorganize women's working hours and provide facilities to working women to reduce work-family conflict and thus take steps to reduce conflict, strengthen marital relationships and increase childbearing.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the quality of couples' relationship with fertility desires of working women and their spouses.

This descriptive correlational study was performed on 270 married working women and their spouses (total 540 couples) from 2017 to 2018 in Mashhad, Iran. Questionnaires of Couples’ Relationship Quality and Miller Reproductive Motivation were completed. The collected data were analyzed by SPSS software version 24 after ensuring the correctness of data entry.

In this study, a total of 540 people (270 couples) were included in this study with a mean age of 34.46±6.61 years for women and 38.15±6.97 years for men. There was a significant difference in the scores related to the quality of the relationship between men and women (P=0.001), which indicated that the average scores of couples' relationship in the group of working women is higher than their husbands. The mean of positive motivations in men and women was also different significantly (P=0.001). Furthermore, the mean of negative motivations in men and women was significantly different (P=0.001).

The scores of the questionnaire of Couples’ Relationship Quality are directly related to the desire of fertility in working women. This in turn can affect the desire to have and raise the children. Therefore, paying attention to the quality of couples' relationship and strengthening and improving these relationships is suggested as a suitable way to promote mental health, happiness, and satisfaction of the marriage life.

The purple line as a purple point around anus that occurs in the majority of women during labor is one of the non-invasive methods for evaluation of labor progress. This study was performed aimed to determine the diagnostic accuracy of purple line alteration in prediction of labor progress in active phase of labor.

This diagnostic power study was conducted in 2012 on 258 pregnant women with term pregnancy in vertex presentation and beginning of active phase of labor with the appearance of a purple line who were hospitalized in Ommolbanin Hospital. Vaginal examination and purple line observation in the active phase of labor were measured each hour. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value were calculated after determining the cut-off point. Data were collected using the questionnaires: personal-pregnancy information and labor progress form and information about the purple line. Data were analyzed by SPSS statistical software (version 16), ROC curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Increasing the purple line length at each stage of the cervical dilation was associated with the labor progression at that stage. In 3-5 cm cervical dilation, the length of the purple line ≥85 mm was associated with a sensitivity of 93%, specificity 100% and positive predictive value 100%, negative predictive value 33.3% and validity 93.22% with labor progress at the same stage and had the highest diagnostic value

Measurement of purple line alteration in the first stage of labor that is, in 3-5 cm cervical dilation, ≥85 mm, 6-8 cm cervical dilation ≥101.5 mm and 9-10 cm cervical dilation ≥110.5 mm was associated with most sensitivity with cervical dilatation and is recommended as a non-invasive method to predict clinical  labor progress in the first stage of delivery.

Childbearing is a value in Islamic Iranian culture. Due to the decrease in the total fertility rate in Iran during the three decades, following the change in population policies in 1990-2010, having one child has become a common phenomenon in the country. This study aimed to determine the effect of education on childbearing intention in one-child women based on the theory of planned behavior.

In this interventional study in Farooj in 2018, 90 one-child women were randomly selected and assigned into intervention and control. Before the intervention, the subjects were surveyed using demographic information, planned behavior theory, and Miller's fertility motivation questionnaires. Then, based on the educational needs, four 60-minutes training sessions were provided to the intervention group for two months, and the control group did not receive training. The questionnaires were filled out by the intervention and control groups immediately and three months after training. Data were analyzed using SPSS 24 software through a significance level of 0.05.

There was no significant difference between the two groups before the intervention regarding the mean score of perceived behavioral control, behavioral intention, positive motivation, and negative motivation towards childbearing intention and demographic variables (p>0.05). There were no significant differences in attitude scores, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control on the childbearing intention in one-child women in both intervention and control groups (p>0.05).

Social, cultural, religious, and especially economic conditions of the society are effective in improving the attitude of childbearing, which should be considered along with educational interventions to achieve better results from education.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is one of the endemic diseases in Iran and every year a large number of children under10years of age are infected with it. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the preventive behavior of leishmaniasis based on the PRECEDE model in families with children under 10 years.

The present study is a cross sectional study that was performed on240Families with children under 10 years old in the Sankhast ward of North Khorasan province. The data collection tool was a researcher questionnaire that included demographic questions and structures of the questionnaire model (knowledge, attitude, reinforcing factor, and enabling factor). Sampling was performed in several steps. Data was entered into SPSS16 software using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, one-way analysis of variance, independent t-test, correlation coefficient, multiple linear regressions.

The highest mean a score was obtained by the reinforcing factor (24.3 ± 22.80) and the lowest mean a score was obtained in the performance section (48.46 ± 15.66). The results of the regression model showed that knowledge (0.28), attitude (0.16), and enabling factors (0.14) had the highest predictive power of mothers in controlling and preventing disease, respectively. Overall, the structures of the PRECEDE model predicted21%of the variance of the preventive behavior of cutaneous leishmaniasis.

The PRECEDE model is a good theoretical framework for the prevention of leishmaniasis. Designing and implementing an educational program based on the PRECEDE model in the population at risk will be an effective step in controlling leishmaniasis. Because the prevalence of leishmaniasis is higher in rural areas, it is more important to consider the conditions of the rural people in order to implement the educational program

Women need more nutritional attention due to the physiological changes they experience during life, especially middle age. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of education based on BASNEF model on the nutritional behavior of overweight and obese middle-aged women

This quasi-experimental was performed in 2016 on 140 middle-aged women with overweight and obesity under the auspices of Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences. Data were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire and analyzed by Chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests using SPSS software version 26.

The mean age of women in the intervention and control groups was 43.30 and 41.65, respectively. Before the intervention, there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of variables and structures of BASNEF model (p> 0.05). After the intervention, there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of means of BASNEF model instruments (p >0.05).

Implementing an educational program based on the BASNEF model can, in addition to raising the awareness of middle-aged women about healthy eating, by emphasizing enabling factors and behavioral intent, improve some of the nutritional behaviors of middle-aged women.

High blood pressure is a chronic disease requiring long-term treatment; which despite being asymptomatic, leads to fatal complaints and complications. Therefore, the present study was aimed to determine the effect of the education based on self-efficacy theory on self-care behaviors of hypertensive self-help groups in integrated health service centers in Mashhad in2019.

This was a quasi-experimental study in which 80 female patients with hypertension were randomly divided into the test and control groups. The educational intervention was based on the theory of self-efficacy for the test group. Data collection tools were a three-part questionnaire including: demographic information and a standard questionnaire of self-efficacy and hypertension self-help. Data were analyzed using independent t-test, Mann-Whitney, Chi-square, Fisher's exact test, Friedman test and repeated measures, and analysis of covariance by SPSS software version 20 with a significance level of 0.05

There was a significant difference in self-efficacy (P <0.001) and self-help (P <0.001) scores and controlled blood pressure between the test and control groups. The self-help score was increased by 0.84 ,which was also statistically significant (p <0.001)

Intervention based on the theory of self-efficacy can be effective in developing self-help and self-efficacy in hypertensive self-help groups. Therefore, it is suggested that this theory be used in educational planning for patients and hypertensive self-help groups

The current study investigates the effect of hyperopic orthokeratology lenses (Boston XO) in correction of presbyopia based on the Monovision technique.

 This is a clinical trial study. Eleven individuals (have been recruited for this study, after meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The initial examinations were carried out for ordering the contact lenses.  After complete training of how to use the contact lens, fluorescein pattern was evaluated for centrality and proper fitting. Participants were asked to wear the lens for seven nights on the non-dominant eye. In the morning of 1th and 7th days, one hour after the lens removal, examinations were repeated. We conducted the initial examination and repeated them in day one and day seven after use of the lens and after one week wash out, in day fourteen. The changes in refraction, visual acuity, corneal thickness and corneal curvature were evaluated.Analysis was performed using the analysis method of variance with duplicate measurement and Bonferroni follow-up test at the error level of 5% with use of SPSS version 24.

Statistical population of this study was include of people between 43-50 years old, without any problem in visual acuity for distance that need correction for near. In tested eye, central thickness of the cornea was increased in 1th and 7th day. Also the central curvature were steeper and the peripheral curvature were flatter and the amount of myopia were increased. These changes were significant in 1th and 7th days and return to initial amount in 14th day.

Hyperopic orthokeratology lenses (Boston Xo) could be considered as an option for correction of presbyopia in monovision technique.

Spiritual health is one of the dimensions of health that has a positive effect on physical and mental health. On the other hand, studies show that one of the factors that promote womenchr('39')s general health is self-efficacy. In this study, the relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy in women referring to cultural centers in Mashhad were examined.

This cross-sectional study was performed on 400 women referring to Mashhad Municipality Cultural Centers in 2019. Personal Characteristics Questionnaire, Pulotzin and Ellison spiritual health questionnaire and Scherer general self-efficacy questionnaire were used to measure the data. Data were analyzed by SPSS - 16.

The mean age of women was 34.22 ± 9.8 years. 53.2% of  the participating women had a moderate spiritual health score and 46.8% had a high spiritual health score. Also, 37% had a moderate self-efficacy score and 62.8% had a high self-efficacy score. The results showed that there was a significant difference between the mean of spiritual health (P =0.006) and self-efficacy (P <0.001) in education levels. The general linear model showed that there is a significant relationship between womenchr('39')s spiritual health and self-efficacy with education control (P <0.001 ,β = 0.96).

Since there is a significant relationship between spiritual health and self-efficacy of women, it is recommended to pay attention to spiritual health in order to promote self-efficacy in women.

Infant is a vulnerable creature whose death is affected by embryonic period and also by factors during and after delivery. The first step in reducing neonatal mortality is to identify the causes. The aim of this study was to investigate the causes of neonatal mortality in Ghaem hospital, Mashhad, Iran.

The present study was a case-control study in which the case group included 448 deceased infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Ghaem hospital during the years 2012-2017, and the control group included 448 infants admitted to the same ward during the same period and after treatment. The data were completed by a trained researcher through the study of neonatal records. All analyzes were performed with SPSS software at a significance level of less than 0.050.

Among the neonates admitted to NICU, 53.7% were boys and 46.3% were girls with a mean age of 16.80 ± 6.06 days. Logistic regression model showed that the first minute Apgar score of less than 6 [Odds ratio (OR = 2.91)], asphyxia (OR = 2.64), sepsis (OR = 2.41), and respiratory distress syndrome (OR = 8.13) increased the chance of neonatal death. The variable of age of the baby reduced the chance of the baby dying. The variables of neonatal sex and type of delivery did not show a significant relationship.

According to the results of this study, asphyxia, sepsis, respiratory distress syndrome, low Apgar score, and low birth weight were the most common causes of neonatal death.

failure to thrive (FTT) is one of the most common and important problems in the age of 6 to 12 months. Maternal behavioral factors are the most important cause of FTT in children. One of the most important theories to improve the nutritional behaviors is social cognitive theory. This study was conducted aiming to identify the determinants of maternal nutritional behavior for children 6 to 12 months with FTT based on social cognitive theory.

This quasi-experimental study was performed with the participation of 100 mothers with children aged 6 to 12 months with FTT referred to health service centers in Torbat-Heydariye. Mothers were selected by cluster sampling and were divided into two groups of experimental and control. The educational intervention was performed in 6 sessions of 60 minutes. Data were completed using researcher-made questionnaires by mothers in three stages and analyzed by using SPSS24 software.

Results showed that there was no significant difference between the two experimental and control groups before the educational intervention on score of the demographic variables. However, after educational intervention, there was a significant difference in maternal behavior and weight of child (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the scores of social cognitive theory structures before and after the intervention (awareness, outcome expectation, outcome value, task self-efficacy, self-efficacy of overcoming obstacles, self-regulation, in case of situation, emotional adaptation, modeling) in the experimental group(P<0.05).

The results after the educational intervention showed the positive effect of education based on social cognitive theory on the behavior of mothers and the weight of children 6 to 12 months with Failure to thrive (FTT)

Psychological distress is one of the minor psychiatric disorders that can be used as a predictor of serious mental illnesses such as depressive and anxiety disorders. These disorders are predictors of death from cardiovascular disease, stroke, and cancer. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of psychological distress and its related factors.

This descriptive- analytical cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018. The study population included 1103945 subjects aged 18-65 years old that presented to the health centers of Khorasan Razavi.  In this study, demographic checklists and the six-item Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K-6) were used.

The prevalence of psychological distress was 10.10%. The mean age of the subjects was 35.99 ± 10.46 years old, 62.10% were female, 86% were married, and 78.90% had a high school education or less. The response rate was 98.6%. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant relationship between psychological distress and age, gender, marital status, education, location, and occupation.

In this study, the prevalence of psychological distress was low. According to the odds ratio (OR), divorced women, illiterate women, housewives, and big city dwellers were high-risk groups for psychological distress. Considering the relatively large sample size, it is necessary to develop appropriate strategies for prevention and treatment, and training of these groups.