فهرست مطالب هوشنگ طالبی

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that causes motor and non-motor symptoms. Non-motor symptoms such as mood disorders severely affect patients' quality of life. The interrelationship of multiple non-motor symptoms with each other makes comprehensive therapies necessary to simultaneously address different psychological aspects of patients. The present study was performed to compare the effectiveness of the treatment package based on psychological factors related to Parkinson's disease and memory specificity training (MEST) on the mood of these patients. The study was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design along with a control group. 18 Parkinson's patients were eligible to participate in the study, so the selection of sample subjects was nonprobability and they were randomly assigned to three groups. Due to the possible discrepancies between the groups and to adjust it, the method of analysis of covariance was used and pre-test scores were taken. Groups were matched by gender. Data collection measures were the autobiographical memory test (AMT) and Beck's Depression Inventory- second edition (BDI-II). Data were analyzed by the covariance method and SPSS v.25 software. Data analysis showed that the mean level of depression increased in the control group, while in the package therapy and MEST groups the level of depression decreased. Data analysis showed that the mean mood scores in the post-test only in the MEST group were significantly different from the control group (P <0.05). There was no significant difference in the mean mood scores of the package therapy and control groups in the post-test; however, the mean mood scores in the two groups of package therapy and MEST were not significant. According to the research findings, MEST can be effective as a multidisciplinary intervention in improving the mood of Parkinson's patients. Supporting the effect of the treatment package based on psychological factors on mood requires further research.

Production of high-quality products necessitates identifying the most influential factors, among many factors, for controlling and reducing quality variation. In such a setting, the factorial designs are utilized to determine the active factors with maximal information and model an appropriate relation between the factors and the variable of interest. In this regard, robust parameter designs dividing the factors to control- and noise factors are efficient methods for offline quality control for stabilizing the quality variation in the presence of the noise factors. Interestingly, this could be achieved through exploiting active control by noise interactions. One needs to experiment with numerous treatments to detect the active interaction effects. Search designs are suggested to save treatments, and a superior one is recommended among the appropriate ones. To determine the superior design, one needs a design criterion; however, the existing criteria could be more beneficial for robust parameter designs. In this paper, we proposed a criterion to rank the search designs and determine the superior one.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder has been associated with deficiencies in executive function as well as disorders such as depression and anxiety, especially in adulthood. However, the manner of this relationship has not been investigated in detail. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the structural model of executive functions and ADHD concerning the mediating role of depression and anxiety in university students with ADHD. The method was correlational with the structural equation modeling type. The statistical population included all students with ADHD in Isfahan, Iran. During the initial screening, out of 1368 students, 280 were diagnosed with ADHD. Among them, 200 were selected by purposeful sampling. The tools used were Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale (2011), Barkley Deficits in Executive Function Scale (2011), mental health questionnaire (1973), and ADHD diagnostic interview (2010). The maximum likelihood estimator and bootstrap significance test analyzed the data. The results indicated a good fit of the data obtained from the sample with the hypothetical conceptual model. The fit indices of the model were as follows: X2=2681.89, df=1402, CFI=.93, GFI=.90, RMSEA=.05. Considering the significance, the direct effects of executive functions on depression, some dimensions of ADHD, like sluggish cognitive tempo, and the significant indirect effects of executive functions on ADHD subscales are evident. Based on the findings, the mediating role of depression is approved. In conclusion, the deficiency of executive functions, directly and through the mediation of depression, causes cognitive deficits, including attention deficit and sluggish cognitive tempo.

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is one of the most complex disorders known in recent years, and the improvement of the symptoms of ADHD has been treated only by relying on medication. The lack of comprehensive and complete treatment with long-term effectiveness in this age is one of the weak points of the scientific field. But the question is, what are the problems of an adult with ADHD for which a suitable treatment can be found?

The present study aimed to derive an intervention model for treating adult problems with ADHD.

This qualitative study was conducted using the grounded theory approach. The study population was adults with ADHD, professionals, and all relevant scientific sources, who were selected based on purposive sampling. The primary data have been coded and then the codes were categorized and aggregated into more complete categories. Coding was done in three types including open, axial, and selective levels in the patient, expert, and resource directions.

Through the interviews with each participant, experts, and scientific texts, selection codes were obtained, respectively. Finally, by merging three categories of codes extracted from participants, experts, and scientific sources, the eight categories appeared as the main problem of adults with ADHD. Based on the identified problems, therapeutic strategies including cognitive rehabilitation, emotion regulation training, metacognition, motivational interviewing, correct social communication training, sleep/wake cycle regulation, and daily physical activity were eproposed intervention model.

A multidimensional approach should be adopted for effective treatment in the field of ADHD in adults. The intervention model extracted in this study can be considered an effective treatment by researchers in the field of therapy.

One of the controversial disorders recently introduced in DSM-5 is Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). The main symptoms of DMDD include regular outbursts, verbal and behavioral anger, and constant irritability. The present study aims to explore the prevalence of DMDD and its associated disorders

The study population included all 9-12-year-old students(Grades 3 to 6 elementary)in the academic year 2018-19 in Bushehr County. Accordingly, 2,063 students were selected through two-stage cluster sampling to fill out the researcher-made anger and irritability questionnaire and the CSI-4 Questionnaire and to participate in a clinical interview based on DSM-5.

Study results showed that the prevalence of DMDD among children is 6.1 percent. According to the multivariate logistic regression, the rates of comorbidity with DMDD for other disorders include ADHD (P=0.01, OR=2.03), ODD (P=0.000, OR=5.96), CD (P=0.003, OR=3.52), GAD (P=0.000, OR=7.99), and social anxiety (P=0.001 and OR=2.32). Moreover, depression and demographic features had no significant predictive power for this disorder.

The study results showed that the prevalence of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder was close and similar to DSM-5 criteria and showed high comorbidity with emotional and behavioral disorders

Research shows that people with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) experience many mental health problems that can be associated with the risk of being misdiagnosed or neglected and have more serious consequences. Meanwhile, domestic studies have paid little attention to the topic of the prevalence of ADHD and mental health, in a comparative study in the studied population.

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of ADHD in university students of Isfahan city and compare the mental health of students with and without the disorder.

The study method was descriptive in the first section and causal-comparative in the second part while frequency, mean, standard deviation, analysis of variance, and independent t-test were used. Barkley Adult ADHD Rating scale (2011), ASRS (2005), SCL-90 (1976), and demographic questionnaire were used. The sample size was 600, selected based on random cluster sampling.

According to the Barkley questionnaire, 13/5 percent have ADHD, but based on ASRS 12 percent have ADHD. Amongst females with ADHD, 18/8% were inattention type, 4/5% hyperactivity type and 6/33% reported combined type. Amongst males with ADHD, 9% were inattention type, 4/83% were hyperactive and 7/16% reported combined type. In comparison, between 2 groups with the probability of ADHD and without, the mental health elements like aggression, excessive fear, sensitivity in the relationship, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, anxiety, and depression were significant (P</05) while others were not.

The probability of suffering from ADHD is increasing among university students. In addition, some dimensions of mental health in ADHD students are different from their normal counterparts.

The experience of trauma during childhood is due to decrease in children's psychosocial functions, which continues during adulthood. Children's coping and reactions play the important role in adapting to traumatic events and can lead to post-traumatic disorder or post-traumatic growth. Previous research studies have quantitatively and sporadically shown some of the factors affecting coping styles, but so far, focus as depth research in this area, especially on Iranian children, has been influenced.

The present study evaluated the contextual factors in selecting the effective coping strategies by children exposed to the Kermanshah earthquake in 2017

This research was the qualitative type with an approach to conventional content analysis. The participants consisted of 23 girls aged 10 to 12 years who were selected by purposive sampling, and semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed by the 5-step method of Graneheim, & Lundman (2004).

The results indicated four main categories and fourteen Subcategories as the contexts of selecting coping styles. These categories include a) influence (previous life experiences, modeling), b) individual skills (responsibility to others "external commitment" and "commitment to oneself," time management, emotion control, tolerating failure and compassion with others), c) family members' relationship with the child (intimacy with family members, support of family members and how parents deal) and d) social skills (trust in peers, valuing relationships and the level of ability to make and maintain friendships).

The findings demonstrate the effect of intrapersonal and interpersonal factors in selecting various strategies among children encountered with earthquake trauma.

Social maladjustment, including aggression, is a prominent problem in childhood and later stages of life. A social- information processing model of Crick and Dodge developed to explain children’s aggression. Accordingly, children engage in the following six mental stages before behaving properly when they face a social situation:1- Encoding of external and internal cues, 2- interpretation and mental representation of those cues, 3- clarification or selection of a goal, 4- response access or construction, 5- response decision, and 6- behavioral enactment. During Steps 1 and 2, encoding and interpretation of social cues, it is hypothesized that children selectively attend to particular situational and internal cues, encode those cues, and then interpret them, During Step 3, after interpreting the situation, it is proposed that children select a goal or desired outcome for the situation or continue with a preexisting goal, Next, at Step 4, it is hypothesized that children access from memory possible responses to the situation, or, if the situation is novel, they may construct new behaviors in response to immediate social cues, At Step 5, it is hypothesized that children evaluate the previously accessed (or constructed) responses and select the most positively evaluated response for enactment, At Step 6, the chosen response is behaviorally enacted. According to previous studies, children’s aggression can affect all 6 stages of the social information processing model.Children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) are strongly affected by aggressive behavior and negative emotions. DMDD is recently included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) as a mood disorder. It is characterized by two main symptoms, namely anger and irritability. A problem that these individuals are faced with is the tendency to misinterpret other people’s intentions, something which worsens aggression. These children find it much more difficult to experience sensory processing and perceptual behavior than normal children. Characterized by the aggressive behavioral component, children with DMDD pay too much attention to negative emotional stimuli such as anger. In addition, children with chronic irritability experience more problems in processing emotional stimuli and regulating emotions. This study aims to evaluate and compare early stages of  social information processing in children with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) and normal children based on the social cognitive model of Crick and Dodge.

This research was conducted with a causal-comparative method on 58 children with DMDD and 167 normal Boys, aged between 9 to 12 years, studying at elementary school in Booshehr. The participants were randomly selected using a cluster sampling technique, Anger and Irritability Questionnaire (AIQ), and clinical interview based on DSM-5. They were then compared using « Childrenchr Evaluation of Everyday Social Encounters Questionnaire (Bell, Luebbe, Swenson  and Allwood, 2009).  Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods such as mean, variance, and Multivariable Analyze of Variance (MANOVA) test by SPSS-19 software.

The results from the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed a significant difference between group in the stages of interpretation of social cues(F=5.5, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.128), clarification or selection of a goal(F=6.65, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.159), emotional processing(4.01, P=.004, Partial Eta Squared=.07), response access or construction(P=7.02, P=.001, Partial Eta Squared=.115).

The conducted studies showed that children with DMDD were more biased in an ambiguous social situation in the early stages of social information processing. They were also significantly less competent than their normal peers in internal positive causal attribution, external positive causal attribution (positive attribution to others’ behaviors), and positive interpretation of otherschr(chr('39')39chr('39')) intentions in a social situation. Children with DMDD were also more biased than their normal peers in their negative interpretation of others’ intentions. However, there was no significant difference between them in interpreting the causes of events in external negative attribution and internal negative attribution  in ambiguous social situations. DMDD children exhibited greater anger, worried or nervous, and sad or down in emotional processing and provided less happy processing. In terms of goal formation/clarification, children with DMDD mainly preferred anger- and avoidance-based goals and were less involved in the relationship- and dignity-centered goals. Moreover, children with DMDD produced fewer social responses and were more willing to provide ager-based and active avoidance responses, compared to their normal peers.  Various studies demonstrated that maladaptive social information processing can justify behavioral-emotional maladjustment in most children. Therefore, it is recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of interventional protocols based on the Dodge model in future studies in order to treat and mitigate the symptoms of disruptive dysregulation disorder.

The aim of the study was to investigate the role of maternal factors (attachment, parenting stress, maternal caregiving quality and parenting practices) in the development of behavioral problems in children.

The study was the type of descriptive research and conducted in the framework of a correlation design. The sample was consisted of 290 mothers of children 3 to 6 years old in Jiroft city that were selected through cluster sampling. Mothers completed a set of questionnaires containing Five Fact Mindfulness questionere (FFMQ), State Adult Attachment Scale (SAAS), preschool & kindergarten behavior Scales, Maternal Caregiving Quality Scale (MCQS), Parenting Scale (PS) and Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF). In order to evaluate the relationships between variables in the proposed model, structural equation modeling was used.

The results indicated that the final model has a good fit after eliminating nonsignificant pathway of parenting practices to the child's behavioral problems. Thus, maternal factors could explain 51% of the variance of child behavioral problems.

The results support the role of maternal factors in the development of children's behavioral problems. The implications of findings of final model in parenting training discussed in detail

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effectiveness of self-regulation intervention on improving the components of academic competence of male and female high school students in Tabriz. The study population consisted of all students studying in academic year 2017-18. The multi-stage cluster sampling was employed to select 94 students participating in the study. The research tools included a questionnaire of self-regulatory learning (MSLQ) and a researcher-made academic competenc questionnaire (based on McGrew's Model of Motivation and Academic Competenc, 2013). The validity of the academic competency questionnaire was obtained through exploratory factor analysis and its reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient at 0.92. The method of this study was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test with a control group and a follow-up study after 3 months. Data analysis was conducted using variance analysis through repeated measures, Results showed that intervention factor had a significant effect on developing academic competence (0/008), but the effect of gender was not significant. Intervention factor had a significant effect on subscales of orientation towards self (0.008) and Orientation towards learning (0.01). Furthermore, in the subscale of orientation toward others, neither intervention (0.08) nor gender (0.88) were significant. Overall, the results of the study indicated that self-regulated education had a significant effect on developing students' academic competence, however, since this intervention did not prove to be significant on the subscale of orientation towards others, it is recommended that further educational strategies and interventions be implemented and tested in this area.

The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of cognitive- behavior therapy (CBT) and schema therapy (ST) on the reduction of cognitive error of pain catastrophizing and increase of pain self- efficacy of Tehranian patients with chronic back pain.

The present study was aquasi-experimental design that conducted in the form of pretest, post-test and 2 months follow-up with control group. In this study, 35 patients with chronic low back pain who were referred to pain specific clinic of Akhtar and Imam Hussein hospitals (AS) and neurosurgery clinic of Imam Hussein hospitals (AS) in Tehran, were selected with purposive sampling method (non-probabilistic). All patients completed Chronic Pain Questionnaire, Catastrophizing subscale of Coping Strategies Questionnaire, Pain Self Efficacy Questionnaire in the pre-test, post-test and 2months follow-up. In addition, the schema therapy group completed the 90-Item Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) apart from the mentioned questionnaires. Mixed effect regression model using SPSS software was used to analyzing the data.

The results showed that cognitive-behavior therapy significantly reduced catastrophizing cognitive error whereas schema therapy did not have significant impact on the scores of catastrophizing cognitive error. Also cognitive-behavior therapy significantly increased pain self- efficacy and schema therapy noticeably increased pain self- efficacy and there was no significant difference between two methods in terms of impact on pain self- efficacy.

According to the result᾿s of present study, cognitive-behavior therapy decrease negative automatic thoughts such as catastrophizing and increase pain self-efficacyin chronic pain patients and schema therapy has acceptable influence on increase pain self- efficacy in chronic pain patients. Therefore probably both two treatment methods can be used as appropriate treatment methods in chronic pain patients.

Maternal attachment is one of the factors that can cause stress in mothers. But the key question is, is there a relationship between maternal attachment and parental stress and the mediating role of maternal anger?

To investigate the relationship between maternal attachment and parenting stress with the mediating role of maternal anesthesia.

The research method was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population consisted of mothers of 3 to 6 year old children who attended kindergartens under the supervision of Welfare of Jiroft from February 95 to June 96. 290 individuals were selected by cluster sampling method. Parents include the Parental Stress Scale-Short Form (Abidin, 1995), the Collins and Reed Adult Attachment Scale (1996), and the five-dimensional self-report questionnaire (Bauer et al., 12006). Data were analyzed using Bootstrap method.

Self-care mediated the relationship between insecure attachment and parenting stress. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between anxiety and avoidance attachment with stress (p<0/0001). In the intermediate model, anxiety attachment had a direct and indirect effect on parental stress (p<0/0001) and avoidant attachment had no direct effect on stress, but indirectly (via mediation) had an effect on stress (p>0/0001).

Maternal anesthesia can reduce maternal attachment and parenting stress.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a functional gastrointestinal disorder with chronic abdominal pain, bowel habit variations, and lack of structural causes. Symptom intensity has a statistical relation with patients' quality of life (QOL) and mental health. The first objective of the present study was to develop and provide a therapeutic plan based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for IBS that was operated for the very first time in Iran, as well as, compilation a therapeutic plan based on cultural and spiritual components. The second objective was to determine the effectiveness and comparison of those treatments on IBS symptoms intensity, Irritable Bowel Syndrome-Quality of Life Questionnaire (IBS-QOL) among patients with IBS.

The participants were 23 women with IBS that put in two groups randomly. The participants were diagnosed on the basis of Rome-III diagnosis criteria. One group received cognitive-behavioral therapy and the other group received spiritual therapy for 12 sessions. The data collection tools consisted of IBS Symptom Severity Scale (IBS-SSS), the Irritable Bowel Syndrome Quality of Life (IBS-QOL) questionnaire. Data were collected during the weeks of 1, 4, 12, and 24, during the treatment process. Data was analyzed statistically via repeated measures MANOVA in SPSS software.

Both CBT and Spiritual therapy have a significant effect on IBS symptoms reduction and QOL improvement in patients. The effect of two therapeutic plans persisted until the follow-up stage.

According to the results, applied CBT and spiritual therapy can be implemented as effective treatments for IBS. Therefore, considering with condition and acceptance of patient, the use of each of them as complementary treatment is advised.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Self-Regulation strategies training on increasing students' happiness. The research method was quasi-experimental. It also utilized pretest-posttest and follow up design with control group. The sample consisted of 60 high school male and female students who were selected by multistage cluster sampling and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The research instrument was Oxford happiness questionnaire which the students completed in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up. The experimental group received 8 sessions of 45 minutes Self-Regulation strategies training. The results of ANOVA with repeated measures showed that the differences between mean score of happiness of the experimental group and the control group after training was significant (p≤0.01). The results of the post hoc test showed that the mean score of happiness in the post-test and follow-up stages was higher than the pre-test and the mean score of girls’ happiness in the post-test and follow-up stages was higher than boys in the same stages. According to these results, it is concluded that training Self-Regulation strategies can be effective in enhancing students' academic achievement.

Shirakura et al. (1996) has been introduced and calculated the search probability (SP) for normal search model. However, in practical situations the normality assumption may fail. In this study, we consider a more realistic underlying skew-normal/independent (SNI) model and obtain the SP. This is a general case, in a sense that the result in Shirakura et al. (1996) is its special case. The proposed SP carries some reliable properties and can be used as a design comparison criterion to compare and rank the search designs (SD).

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of schema therapy on maladaptive schemas of Tehranian patients with chronic low back pain. This study was group quasi-experimental design with pre-test, post-testand follow-up. Thus 10 patients with chronic low back pain who were referred to pain specialized clinic or neurosurgery clinic of Akhtarand Imam Hussein Hospitals (AS) in Tehran, were selected with purposive sampling method (non-probabilistic). All patients completed the 90-Item Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) in the pre-test, post-test and a 2 months follow-up. The results of Friedman test &Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that schema therapy significantly reduced the scores of maladaptive schemas in post-test and this reduction was remained in the follow-up, while, there was no significant reduction between schema scores in post-test and follow-up period. According the results of this study the schema therapy can be used as appropriate treatment method to reduce maladaptive schemas in patients with chronic pain and probably provide secondary prevention of pain consequences in chronic pain patients.

This research aimed to investigate the effectiveness of logo therapy on components of general health means anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and social function disorder of women with postpartum depression. This was a quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population of research were included all women with postpartum depression that referring to the part of obstetrics and gynecology in Tehran city in 2014 year, that from them 30 person were selected through available sampling method and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups (each group 15 person). The experimental group trained 7 sessions of 90 minutes by logo therapy method. Groups completed the questionnaire of general health (Goldberg & Hillier, 1979) in the pre-test and post-test stages. Data was analyzed with multivariate analysis of covariance method and with using SPSS-21 software. The findings showed there is a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in all four components of general health. In the other words logo therapy significantly led to decrease anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms and social function disorder of women with postpartum depression (P<0/01). Therefore, counselors and therapists can use the method of logo therapy to improve the general health of women with postpartum depression.

Aim and Obesity in childhood, as a global and growing health problem, is the cause of many chronic diseases in adulthood, which is associated with several socio-psychological problems such as low self-confidence and social isolation. In order to improve the psychosomatic problems of obese children, this study aimed to investigate the effect of motivational interviewing on body mass index (BMI) and self-esteem in obese girls.
Methods and Materials: This experimental study was conducted with experimental and control groups. A pretest and a posttest were performed and the process was followed up for 3 months. The sample was comprised of twenty-four 10-12-year girl students who were obese with BMI more than 25 in 2015. They were selected through cluster-random sampling from a school in the first district of Isfahan city. The mothers of both groups were trained about the principles of healthy feeding in 4 sessions. Psychodrama intervention motivational interviewing was applied only in the experimental group during the six 2-hour sessions of group therapy. The data collection tools consisted of the BMI and Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSES). The data were analyzed via analysis of variance with repeated measures.
Findings: The effects of motivational interviewing in BMI and self-esteem of the experimental group were statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05).
The therapeutic intervention of motivational interviewing would be helpful in order to reduce the weight of obese children and to increase their self-esteem.

Dictation is of utmost importance in teaching English and Persian languages in Iran, though it is usually neglected in teaching Arabic, and no specific course is usually dedicated to dictation in Arabic. Nor does any evidence exist on the Arabic teacher's enthusiasm for using dictation in their classes. This may deprive the students of the benefits of Arabic dictation in their language education, as these merits are beyond mere correct spelling of words. The present study, hence, tries to use a quasi-experimental method to examine the effect of Arabic dictation on the Iranian high school student's writing ability. For this purpose, 56 first grade high school students formed the experimental and control groups of the study. To test the homogeneity of the groups before the study started, a pre-test of dictation was given to both groups. Experimental group, then, received the treatment including dictation in every session of their classroom. Control group, on the other hand, learned Arabic grammar and practiced translation as is usual in typical Arabic classes. The procedure took a complete educational year to complete. The results of the study revealed a statistically significant difference between the dictation errors of the groups. They suggested the positive effect of dictation on the improvement of the learner's writing ability and reduction of their writing errors.

Aim and Depression is one of the most common comorbidities of chronic pains such as chronic back pain and is the cause of limitations in the efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBTs) in individuals with chronic pain. The existence of similar limitations and problems in cognitive-behavioral programs for the treatment of depression has caused a growing trend in the use of schema therapy by researchers in this regard. The aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of CBT and schema therapy on the reduction of depression in Iranian patients with chronic low back pain.
Methods and Materials: The present clinical trial was conducted with a quasi-experimental design, pretest-posttest, fallow-up, and control group. In this study, 35 patients with chronic low back pain who were referred to pain specific clinics or neurosurgery clinics of Akhtar Hospital and Imam Hussein Hospital (AS) in Tehran, Iran, were selected through purposive sampling method. All patients completed the Chronic Pain Questionnaire, and Depression Subscale of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) in the pretest, posttest, and 2 months follow-up stages. Moreover, the schema therapy group completed the 90-Item Short Form of Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ-SF) in addition to the mentioned questionnaires. Mixed effect regression model was used in SPSS software to investigate the efficacy of the two therapy methods on the reduction of depression in patients with chronic back pain.
Findings: Results showed that CBT (P Both CBT and schema therapy are effective in improving symptoms of depression in patients with chronic low back pain and can be used as appropriate treatment methods in patients with chronic pain and depression.

Academic self-handicapping is a major cause of academic failure among students with learning disabilities. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of cognitive-behavioral programs on debilitating motivational behavior and academic self-handicapping among students with learning disabilities.
This is a time-interval pretest-posttest quasi-experimental study. The population of the study included all female high school students in Tehran- Iran in the school year 2014-2015. A total of 44 participants with learning disabilities were recruited from among the students with low scores on Martin’s Motivation Scale. The participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups in equal numbers. The research instrument was Martin’s Motivation and Enthusiasm scale (2012). Factor analysis was used to estimate the validly of the research tool. The utility of the 11 factors were demonstrated as follows: task management, scheduling, stand, valuation, focused learning, self-confidence and ability to express passion, self-sabotage, anxiety, avoidance of defeat and uncertain control. The result of factor analysis also revealed four clusters as follows: behavior amplifiers, amplifiers thinking, behavior debilitating, and disabling think. The participants in the control group received Martin program on cognitive behavioral treatments in 16 sessions of 60 minutes once a week. Follow-up post-test was administered in 2 month intervals.
The results showed significant difference between the control and experimental groups in debilitating motivational behavior across three time-intervals (p In can be concluded that students with learning disabilities benefit from Martin program on cognitive behavioral treatments in reducing debilitating motivational behavior and academic self-handicapping

Among the economical sectors of the country, residential sector is the largest final consumer of energy and unlike the other sectors, its energy intensity is upward. In this regard, targeted subsidies law is a basic measure by the ninth government which began by the president’s command since 2010 despite the opposition of a number of economists and MPs with the way of its implementation that was a price reform (rising) plan to energy carriers with a focus to reduce energy consumption in all consumer sectors, especially residential sector. The residential sector consists of different groups regarding economic, social and cultural features and it seems that identical changes of prices of gas and electricity for all these groups as result of targeted subsidies law implementation have different effects on the level of energy consumption in these groups. Therefore, after nearly three years of implementation of the law and on the verge of implementation of the second phase, the study is to investigate the effects of social (Social-Economical Status) and cultural (environmental culture) features on the level of change in gas and electricity consumption of households in Esfahan city after the implementation of targeted subsidies law.
Regarding the purpose, the study is practical and regarding the nature and methods, it is descriptive-analysis and casual-comparative (post-event). The data for investigating the research hypotheses are collected by field method. The study population of the research is all the households living in all fourteen districts of Esfahan municipality and 145 households were selected from the 492767 households living in Esfahan city in 2011 by the use of Cochran formula (confidence level of 90 percent) and the data were collected by referring to them using simple random sampling. In order to analyze the effects of the variables, namely Social-Economical Status and environmental culture of the households, on the level of change in gas and electricity consumption after the implementation of targeted subsidies law, we used multivariate regression model of binomial logistics. SPSS software was also used to do the calculation and achieving the results.
Discussion of Results & The results of the research showed that: 1- Social-Economical Status of Esfahan households did not have a significant effect on reducing the consumption of gas and electricity after the implementation of targeted subsidies law. 2- The effects of environmental culture of Esfahan households on the possibility of gas and electricity energy saving on both levels (low and average) have been negative.
In order to justify the lack of any significant relationship between Social-Economical Status Esfahan households and reducing gas and electricity consumption, the reasons are presented as follows in two divisions of sociological and economic fields:A) Sociological analysis: For many years, Social-Economical Status has been a powerful and significant variable in the area of social sciences which is used to explain a host of social attitudes and behaviors. But the lack of relationship between this variable and dependent variables of the research, despite the research hypothesis on the relationship between these two variables, is theoretically very important for the society that is studied; Therefore, it is likely that the views of some sociologists such as Veblen, Weber and Bourdieu who believe in social class life and also believe that socio-economic class factor affects the formation of lifestyle, have been fading away and lack explanatory ability. On the other hand, the approach of intellectuals such as Anthony Giddens, Mike Featherstone and Ulrich Beck is able to analyze the case in a better way. According to the views of these sociologists, social classes do not determine the selective consumption patterns of people so that it is not possible to separate the lifestyles according to the social classes and the lifestyles break boundaries of social class differentiations. In fact, lifestyle is neither a social class concept nor a tool for distinction, but it is offered as a new concept against the social class. From such a viewpoint, in modern societies similar consumption behaviors are observed among people from different social classes which show the class integration of lifestyles. In other words, we deal with a lifestyle which does not particularly belong to a group or a class, but it is only significant in the cultural changes of modernity and the growth of consumerism culture.
B) Economic Analysis: According to economic studies on this subject, justifications for the lack of relationship can be outlined as follows: 1- Inelasticity of energy demand (consumption) for residential sector against the price changes - even in long term - and the necessity of energy commodity in the households carts. 2- Limitations to find alternatives for energy consumption such as gas and electricity for the households: the reason is the different technologies for using gas, electricity and other types of energy in household appliances. Even if the alternatives are technically possible, it is not economical for the consumers to change their consumption patterns and their energy appliances for slight fluctuations in energy prices (especially knowing that the fluctuations are very slight on the basis of real prices). 3- Since gas and electricity are necessary commodities for residential sector, this sector at least has to use them for heat, light, cooking, etc. In most cases, reducing the consumption of these two energy carriers leads to nothing but lowering the level of well-being and as a result causing numerous social, cultural and sanitary abnormalities and increasing discontent in the society. Therefore, it is natural that energy consumption in household sector is not a function of its price. 4- Energy consumption in residential sector is a function of its previous patterns which means that the consumers of this sector act according to their consumption habits. 5- Regarding the electricity, it can be said that refrigerators, freezers, coolers and TV sets share the greater part of electricity consumption in households which includes 60% of the total energy consumption by the households. It seems that despite rising electricity price after implementation of the law, the household consumer still uses the same electrical appliances; because most families - especially in inflation condition after implementation of the law - can not afford to buy energy-saving modern appliances. 6- For wealthy households who can afford to buy energy-saving appliances it is not economical to change their consumption patterns and appliances for the slight fluctuations in the price of gas and electricity (especially in inflation condition after implementation of the law). 7- Although at the beginning of targeted subsidies law implementation, the government attempted to increase the nominal prices of gas and electricity of the residential sector, only after two months the real price of electricity and after four months the real price of gas have been declining due to fixing the nominal prices of these two energy carriers after the beginning of the plan and ignoring the consumer price index while pricing these two energy carriers.
In order to explain the negative effect of households environmental culture on energy consumption reduction it can be argued that households with higher cultures before the implementation of targeted subsidies law had more thrifty behaviors comparing to households from lower cultures; therefore, there is less possibility for them to save energy under the law implementation.
It seems that price changing of gas and electricity is not an appropriate leverage to reform energy consumption pattern (gas and electricity) of residential sector; but energy saving in this sector by logical use of energy through creating the consumption culture alongside price changing of energy carriers can have a significant effect on consumption control in this section.

This study aimed to investigate the impact of specific recall training on recovery of symptoms of postpartum depression in women in Tehran. This quasi-experimental research is the practical one. The research used a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with the control group. The number of members of the study population were 315. Non-probability sampling was used to select the participants. The statistical sample included 30 (15 in the specific recall training who received 7 sessions of specific recall training and 15 in the control group. The Edinburgh Depression Scale Questionnaire (1987) was administered. To analyze the data analysis of covariance was applied sig.0/000. The results showed that treatment based on the specific recall training has significant effect on recovery of symptoms of postpartum depression (p

The main goal of this research was comparing the performances of, active and ordinary methods of teaching on students achievement in statistics, which was done based on an experimental classic psychological research approach. This is a semi experimental research. The population includes all undergraduate female students who study educational sciences in Isfahan campus of Payam Noor University on the first semester of 1393-94. 30 students from this population were selected and split randomly in two groups, each with 15 subjects. The control group were thought ordinary, while the experimental group has taught the active method. The students’ scores are gathered through the pre-test and post-test. The data was analyzed by using Anova: Results showed that there is a significant difference between the mean of two teaching methods. That is, the active method did better on the students’ achievements in statistics. This means that the active method improves the achievement.Based on the above results, we suggest using the active method in teaching statistics to undergraduate students of educational sciences. This will increase their achievements and hence learning Statistics. So, using the active method is recommended to the in structors who teach descriptive and inferential statistics for such students.

Information & Communication Technology (ICT) and its vast applications have deeply affected cultural, social, and economic issues of various organizations in recent years. To achieve faster economic growth, some organizations have rushed to deploy ICT; however they have faced new challenges which require more perfect planning. This paper is the challenges and obstacles in running ICT Master Plan (ICT-MP) in an organization, and to offer effective solutions in this regard.In the questionnaires, 9 key factors namely organizational problems, administrational factors, cultural and educational factors, manpower qualification, security, private sector power, financial and economic factors, governmental support, and technological infrastructure are considered. All 9 factors are proved to be effective, based on the received answers and the data analysis done by using t-test and single sampling method. Furthermore, according to the sequencing done by using Fridman test, these 9 factors are ranked in terms of importance and effectiveness. At last, based on the results of data analysis and the background, the effective considerations for successfully running ICT master plans are presented.