جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « قانون » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

Research institutions emerged at the beginning of the 20th century. These institutions did their work independently and far from public services and government supervision. Such as the Rockefeller Institute, the Carnegie Institution of Washington and the Institute for Advanced Studies that emerged in the United States. As of 2006, there were more than 14,000 research centers in the United States. The National Institutes of Health in the United States, the Max Planck Instituteof Germany, the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines, the European Molecular Biology Laboratory of Germany, and the National Cancer Institute are some of the world-class research institutions. The history of research centers in Iran dates back to the early 20th century, when the first scientific associations were established in major cities such as Tehran, Isfahan, and Shiraz. One of the most prominent research centers in Iran is the Institute of Basic Sciences, which was established in Tehran in1368. Another important research center in Iran is the National Institute of Medical Research, which was established in Tehran in1378. Research centers have made a significant contribution to scientific knowledge, promoting innovation and dealing with global challenges, and they continue to play an important role in advancing scientific research and education. These centers contribute to innovation and address global challenges by conducting research, promoting scientific education and spreading knowledge among scientists. The role and duties of research centers can be very different depending on their focus and mission. Some research centers are dedicated to basic scientific research, while others focus on applied research with practical applications. Many research centers are affiliated with universities or other academic institutions, while others are independent organizations. The functions of research centers may include conducting research, disseminating knowledge through publications and conferences, providing education and training to researchers and students, collaborating with industry and other organizations, and participating in policy and decision-making processes. The specific goals and objectives of a research center depend on its focus and mission, as well as the needs and priorities of the community it serves. We intend to compare Iran's research centers in terms of financial indicators, human resources, and performance with research centers in the world.

Fertility is highly valued in most cultures. Childlessness happens for various reasons one of which is abortion. Considering the extent of health care workers’ awareness of patients’ access to abortion, this study was conducted with the aim of determining and comparing the levels of awareness between first year and senior undergraduate students of midwifery in Mashhad Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery regarding the legal aspects of abortion.

In this descriptive-comparative research, there were 82 first year and senior undergraduate students of midwifery in the Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences who were selected by census method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire created by the researchers to assess the level of awareness regarding the legal aspects of abortion, the validity and reliability of which was confirmed. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 16.

The average awareness score of the first year and senior students of midwifery regarding the permitted cases of abortion is 5.88±2.75 versus 9.03±1.51 respectively (P=0.001). Regarding the punishment of unlawful abortion and the conditions for issuing a legal license for therapeutic abortion, their awareness scores were 3.47±1.48 versus 5.54±1.33 respectively, P=0.0001). Accordingly, there was a statistically significant difference between the level of awareness of the first year and senior students of midwifery about the legal aspects of abortion and the correct response rate was higher for the senior students.

The results of the present study show an insufficient level of awareness among midwifery students regarding abortion laws, such as the indications for legal abortion, the necessary conditions for issuing a license for legal abortion, and the penalties for illegal abortion. Therefore, the researchers suggest that the authorities consider training programs for midwifery students in order to raise their levels of awareness about the lawful and legal abortion.

Sexual violence is one of the forms of violation of human rights and one of the most common examples of crimes against women, which is considered as one of the major cultural, social, economic and political problems of societies. The purpose of this article is to examine sexual violence against women in Islamic jurisprudence and the verses of the Holy Quran.

In this article, a descriptive analytical method with a documentary approach was used to collect and analyze data.

By reflecting more closely on the conditions and aspects of the prescription of beating a nasheze woman in the mentioned verse, it was found that this prescription is not about sexual violence against women, but about the legal punishment that the husband does not as a husband, but as a law enforcer. If there are special conditions, it will be applied, and Neshuz will solve the wife's problem at the lowest cost, but in the absence of any of the conditions, the husband's action in this regard is considered haram and a crime, or it may even result in legal prosecution. .

The Holy Quran has not approved sexual violence against women in any case, but in many cases, it has blamed and condemned it in a harsh tone. The only case that at first sight can be considered as a proof of the confirmation of violence is the verse of Nashuz, which is discussed in the second axis.

Sheikh Ol-Raais ('39') Bouali Sina, (Avicenna) a famous Iranian physician and philosopher, despite his relatively short life, has a surprising effect on all sciences and his time after his institution. Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him, as a contemporary politician and philosopher whose intellectual influence is undeniable in todaychr ('39') s world, pays special attention to social health and a society free of corruption. Healthy society and social health We decided to do the present analytical and comparative study

Studying Ibn Sinachr ('39') s views on books as well as authoritative domestic and foreign articles on the subject of our article regarding knowledge of the thoughts and opinions of Imam Khomeini, may God have mercy on him, the book of Sahifa Noor, which includes lectures, letters and positions Interviews and Parliament We referred to his books as well as authoritative articles related to the subject

Ibn Sina believes that for the captives of social health and the improvement of interpersonal relations, first of all, the ruler of the society should have conditions and responsibilities, and the center should be the divine state of the situation. Imam Khomeini also believes that in order to reform a society and build a society free of corruption, the ruler of the society must rule according to the law and have Islamic moral conditions

Both thinkers believe that in order to achieve social health on a similar issue, a society free of corruption, including poverty, corruption and discrimination, should be the first ruler of the Prophet, peace be upon him. Reasons for installation not possible The consensus of the former to consider the ethical conditions of scientific management is the best way to elect the rule.

 Tabiaat Modbbereh is the key to enter the gate of medicine and help maintain human health and treatment by recognizing the identity and truth of man as a creature that according to the innate mechanism designed in him leads to balance and internal regulation. Therefore, the present study has been conducted with the aim of explaining the concept of Tabiaat Modbbereh, from Ibn Sina's medical point of view and the factors affecting its strengthening and weakening.

 In this research, a review uses the books of Abu Ali Sina's law and electronic search using related Persian and English keywords in valid databases of information about the concept of resourceful Tabiaat Modbbereh, and methods of weakening and strengthening it from Ibn Sina's point of view and its comparison with previous schools has been collected and studied and analyzed.

Ethical Considerations: 

This study approved with the Ethical Committee of Arak university of medical sciences by code IR.ARAKMU.REC.1399.157.

 Ibn Sina believed that medicine has two scientific and practical components that the physician in the scientific section should know the prudent nature and related matters, and in the practical part should know the methods of practice of the resourceful nature and how to help it. Regarding the strengthening and weakening of nature, Ibn Sina's mastermind considers the characteristics of Hefz al-Sehah (essential set) and the laws of cancellation, excretion, transpiration with ponds and oils and the law of cessation to be effective.

 Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the knowledge of "Tabiaat Modbbereh" in different medical schools in the context of history has been "evolutionary-gradual", but Ibn Sina using the teachings of Islam based on the school Revelation and accurate knowledge of the creation and inner nature of man has been a more accurate and comprehensive knowledge of the harmonious harmony of nature with contemplative Tabiaat Modbbereh, in his works has caused the "evolutionary-faster" course of this concept.

Legislation on the physicians' dual practice and how to implement is limited. This study aimed to determine the prerequisites and executive challenges of the law prohibiting the physicians' dual practice in Iran.Materials &

In this qualitative study 41 stakeholders (consists of the members of parliament (MPs), former health ministers, heads of medical schools, hospital managers/heads, Ministry of Health officials, insurance and social security organization officials, general and specialist physicians, university professors and relevant experts) were selected by purposeful sampling. Data were collected using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The Framework analysis was used to analyze the data.

Important challenges to the implementation of the law prohibiting the physicians' dual practice of physicians in the public and non-governmental sectors, including the four main concepts of financial issues, issues related to implementation and supervision, issues related to the public sector capacity, and existing resistance.

Coordination and cooperation of various institutions and organizations in ministries, trade unions, and the three forces to solve problems and meet the needs seem necessary.

Dental complaints have been growing in the world. These complaints have led to an increase in dentists’ stress as well as financial and time burden for the community. Hence, a careful examination of complaints can serve as guidance for improving university dental education programs and increasing the awareness of dentists.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 359 dental treatment files in Isfahan medical records archives (2011-17) were evaluated and the required information was extracted. The data were entered into two separate SPSS files (one based on records and one based on teeth) and analyzed by descriptive statistical test.

A rising trend was observed in the rate of complaints from 2011 to 2017. The most treatment procedures complained were endodontics (35.9%), prosthodontics (31.5%) and surgery (20.6%). General dentists (89.7%), female patients (58.8%), and posterior teeth (72.2%) were more common. The prevalence of male dentists (84%) was far more than female counterparts (16%). 32.9% of complaints were related to treatment in private dental offices and 39.6% were related to treatment in dental clinics.

Dental complaints had a rising trend, and the most commonly reported cases of treatment were endodontics, prosthodontics and surgical procedures.

Regarding recent advances in infertility treatment and extended use of gamete donation, it is necessary to increase the awareness of health care providers about legal and religious aspects of oocyte and sperm donation in order to have an effective consultation. Therefore, this review article was done with aim to evaluate the studies performed on the legal and religious counseling aspects of gamete donation in Iran. This review study is the result of reviewing the published evidences regarding different aspects of gamete donation in Iran from 2006 to 2018 in Persian databases of SID, Iran Medex, and English databases of Pub Med, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. For data collection, searching was done on the articles which had the key words of "oocyte donation", "gamete donation", "sperm donation", "counseling", "law ", and "religion" alone or in combination in the title or text as Persian and English. In this review study, 27 studies which were extracted from 304 studies related to legal and religious aspects of gamete donation were reviewed. In Iranian law, various aspects of oocyte and sperm donation are not clear. There is disagreement between Shia scholars regarding gamete donation and is not accepted by the majority Sunni scholars. Due to legal issues such as inheritance and Relative ambiguity, the need for continuous and comprehensive counseling is emphasized The law of Iran has been silent regarding gamete donation, and jurisprudents also disagree on the legitimacy of this issue. Therefore, formulation of a comprehensive and accessible guide consultancy to answer the law and jurisprudence question of couples who need donated gametes is necessary by the legal and treatment system of the country.

Social right is one of the components of the rights of citizenship that attend to the welfare and social security of citizens. This right includes: the construction and reconstruction of cities and villages; the existence of various guilds; and the rules and enforcement of laws. The research question is: How was the social right of citizenship during the Timurid period to be regarded as theoretical and practical by the rulers, given the governance structure of this dynasty? Thus, the aim of the study is to explaining the components of civil rights of citizens in the Timurid period. It was used to study the variables of citizenship rights and the Timurid rule, the descriptive-analytical and historical-documentary method according to style of collecting library information. After analyzing the components, these results were obtained: The social right of citizenship or the welfare and social security of citizens under the rule of Timurid was dependent on periods of peace or war. Timurid in the time of peace, for prosperity, they not only did emigrate many architects, artists and industrialists from other cities to Samarkand and Herat; they also issued commemorations for reclaiming the lands and not migrating villagers to other cities. With the flourishing of different cities and places, they were formed different types of guilds, such as architects, artists, astronomers, physicians, tradesmen and industrialists in this period. The current laws on them were based on two customary rules (Yasa Chingiz) and Shari'a (Islamic law); but gradually, in during the Shahrokh era, the laws were only applied on the basis of Islamic religious principles. So, in the period of peace, strict monitoring on the implementation of decrees and laws issued has caused the growth and prosperity of the cities and the prosperity of villages especially in Khorasan. Thereinafter, the guilds flourished. But, with the weakness of the central government and the disorderly resulting from it, it went down to monitor laws and enforce decrees, and this caused to exploit the agents and executives, As a result, the citizens were abused by them. So, the social right of citizens during the Timurid period was in direct relation with the structure of Timurid goverment and central authority.

The particular physical, mental and psychological characteristics of children with special needs requires certain education, facilities and support. This study aimed to the ethico-legal analysis of the Iran, s law and regulations owing to equality principle in children with special needs. In this analytical study, firstly, Iranian laws related to the rights of children with special needs were proposfully searched. After the ethico-legal analyzing the law and regulations, legal challenges and pittfalles were identified. Findings: Although the laws of Iran, do not explicitly refer to children with special needs and their rights, however some examples of legislator attention to these children are seen, which can be explained under the two subtitles of equality in terms of social rights and criminal law. Regarding equality in terms of social rights, the positive aspect and providing facilities for fostering of the talents and capabilities of the children with special needs. In the area of criminal justice, the legislative objective is to protect these children against crime and abuse. Despite the existence of some policies for equality and non-discrimination in the area of the rights of children with special needs in Iran's laws, there are many gaps in this regard. It is recommended that legislators to adopt some policies such as the redefinition of the concept of children with special needs and inclusion of the certain and explicit laws and regulations for them and also formulation of differential policies in the criminal investigation process for crimes against these children.

Four types of liabilities of physicians can be noted regarding the existing rules; moral, civil, criminal, ýand disciplinary. Regarding the lawsuits against physicians, most of the complaints in Iran have a civil ýand financial aspect, and criminal or disciplinary prosecution of physician is less considered. The aim ýof this review was to examine the basis and types of liabilities of physicians in accordance with the ýIslamic Penal Code.ý
In cases of medical misconduct, the criminal response is announced through the appointment of blood ýmoney or Arsh, and although it is legally of different kinds, in these cases, it has only a civil aspect. ýRelying on such a theory, one can consider the issue without referring to the judiciary and ignoring ýlawsuits in the judicial authorities. Criminal, legislative, or judicial and executive policy may or may ýnot be consistent. Investigating the nature of blood money, the existing regulations, and medical ýinsurance regulations can help us provide useful strategies that will benefit the medical community ýand the judiciary as well as people and insurance.ý

Practical and proportional education of legal issues in the midwifery is important as a result of covering a wide range of health care services. This study aimed to present and integrate the student-centered participatory teaching method and provide an educational package in order to improve the quality of the legal and medical law course in midwifery.
This was a case-control study. Statistical population consists of 90 midwifery students. Three researcher made questionnaires: "evaluation the unit of rights and forensic in midwifery, knowledge of students about of forensic medicines issues in midwifery and student satisfaction of the workshop" was used for collecting data. Finally, to describe the data SPSS-20 software, descriptive statistical methods, t-test and Wilcox on tests were used.
According to the results the average score of student's knowledge in forensic issues in midwifery had increased significantly (P According to the results, using combination learnin method, holding a participatory student-centered workshop and presenting a supplementary educational package can improve the quality of law and forensics course in midwifery.

Pregnancy termination has been considered since the ancient times. Different communities have their own rules for abortion based on religion, culture and social norms which control the society. Currently, illegal abortion is one of the most common causes for hospitalization of women. On the other hand, the legislative institution and public opinions based on religion and common culture approve certain punishment for the people involved in abortion that is different in various communities based on maternal health. These punishments had considerable historical process regarding to valuing fetus life beside the mother's life.
Reviewing the historical documents and text books, particularly Vandidiad (Avesta), fascinating findings about pregnancy termination were found in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion for saving the mother's life in 1991.
It is searched all the old medical references from the past until recent century. It started from Avesta as an oldest writing that has a chapter with some points about pregnancy rules. So it is searched the other references as a librarian analysis and gathered all the ddatas about pregnancy and abortion rules. Therefore by performing research,we have come up with fascinating findings about pregnancy termination in that era. This review article looks at pregnancy termination from ancient times till present time and it also shows the recent developments until recent legislation which did not ban abortion in 1991.
Looking at the historical aspects of this topic shows that there was a humanitarian approach to mother, fetus and pregnancy in ancient Persia. Those specific approaches probably have had long term effects towards building a communal attitude to pregnancy termination based on importance of family, religious believes and health.

The theory of the compensation for bone fracture has been accepted by most religious jurists. This theory states, “The recompense for the bone fracture of the body parts for which compensation is included, if the fracture is irreparable, is as much as one fifth of the compensation for the removal of that body part, and if the fracture is fully reparable, the recompense is as much as four fifths of the compensation for the removal of that body part.” Following from the most jurists, criminal law has accepted this theory and provides in Paragraph A of the article 569, “The recompense for the bone fracture of a body part is as much as one fifth of the compensation for the removal of that body part, and if the fracture is fully healed without any defect, the recompense is as much as four fifths of the compensation for the removal of that body part.”
Passing judgment in accordance with the above Article is subject to the approval of fractures according to one of the states, i.e. reparable or irreparable. Due to lack of expertise of the vast majority of judges in the diagnosis of bone injuries, in accordance with Article 136 of the Code of Criminal Procedure:The Magistrate calls for the verdict of the coroner to examine injuries, signs of assault, physical injuries, psychological trauma and other examinations and medical tests, and in some cases, he invites the coroner. If the coroner is unable to attend or if there is no coroner in a particular place, then a trusted specialist is invited.” Forensic medicine experts begin to examine and issue certificates according to this article. Although Article 569 has stated the recompense for bone fracture, in the implementation phase, this article has had problems to which offering solutions will be useful to medical specialists when issuing verdicts and to judges in courts.
In this paper, we will briefly investigate the juridical compensation for bone fracture and its reflection in constitutional law along with its implementation problems while considering the procedure of the forensic medicine organization and at the end will offer our suggestions.

It is true that fulfillment of rights and settlement of disputes in declaring crimes and submitting complaints based on Criminal Procedure Act is one of the duties entrusted with judges, but to succeed in this regard discovering the truth and fact is necessary. It is not always easy for judges to reach this end and it requires cooperation and collaboration of competent experts who are fully equipped with relevant skills and technologies to help judges to achieve the final objective, i.e. administration of justice. The forensic medicine is one of the most important members of this group, which stands first in Criminal Procedure Act because of benefits derived from its specialty and opinion. The Criminal Procedure Act of1392, through which the legislators endeavored to be up-to-date and remove the shortcomings of the previous Act, provides for involvement of forensic medicine in criminal prosecution and different stages of the proceedings, including detection of crime, prosecution of the accused, detention, trial, sentencing and enforcement of the punishment. This study attempts to show the role considered by the mentioned Act for forensic medicine in each one of the mentioned stages and effects of its opinions in the decisions made by the judicial authorities. It is clear that the role of the forensic medicine in law is more than just presence and to give advice in criminal procedure and other fields of this science such as civil law, Criminal law, etc, benefit from the forensic medicine in fulfiling their duty of administering justice. Of course, dealing with these issues requires related research efforts.

Although euthanasia is sometimes justified in terms of emotional and sometimes we see some cases of attempted euthanasia, but according to the current laws in our country, acting on each type of euthanasia can be considered a criminal act and it should be avoided. Accordingly, the purpose of the present study is evaluating the medical students’ awareness about legal issues relating to euthanasia.
In this study, ablind standard questionnaire was designed & given to medical students volunteered for responding to questions. After reviewing the information, data analysis was performed by the statistical software.
Findings:In this study, out of a total of 150 participating students 101 thought that in certain conditions euthanasia can be ethical and 76 considered it legal. A majority (72.7%) of these students agreed with passive euthanasia (including interruption of treatment and not beginning the needed treatment), while 75.3% of them tended to participate in such measures. Also, 86 agreed with, and tended to do, voluntary euthanasia. And 47 thought that even compulsive euthanasia is legal.
Considering the facts such as: low level of knowledge about related laws among students and physicians; legal, ethical and jurisprudential inhibitions regarding euthanasia; and physicians’ duty and intent to abide the law, appropriate treatment and saving patients’ lives; informing all physicians about legal issues and managing such cases will have a significant effect on reducing the consequences of these problems regarding the patient’s rights.

Due to different reasons, nurses are always faced with numerous ethical issues in daily clinical practice. One of the most controversial issues is in relation to the nurse prescribing. This study aimed to describe the reasons for prescribing by nurses in some clinical situations.
This descriptive qualitative study was carried out with the participation of 19 nurses working in one of the educational centers of Tehran University of Medical Sciences through interviews in 2014. Purposeful sampling through semi-structured interviews was used to collect data. Data analysis was performed using conventional (inductive) content analysis and coding was done by the MAXQDA (2007) software. To achieve the accuracy and reliability of the data, the Lincoln and Guba authenticity criteria were used.
Analysis of the recorded interviews of participants in this study resulted in 5 subcategories and 2 main categories. The main emerged categories were" human values" (with three subcategories entitled "the priority of human life, "human conscience" and "sacrifice and dedication") and" organizational norms"(with two subcategories namely "governance of organizational rules" and" accountability system").
Despite being aware of the lack of legal authority to prescribe drugs, the participants of this study prioritize patient's life, due to adhere to ethical principles. The health system policy-makers are expected to facilitate the development of legislation and clear regulations of nurse prescribing in order to have a contribution in humanitarian action.

Although there are different rules for abortion in different societies, abortion has been declared valid under certain circumstances in order to save lives of mothers and healthy infants. This study aimed to identify the reasons for therapeutic abortion among the clients who referred to legal medical centers in Kurdistan province during the years 2000- 2011 and compare the reasons for their rejection and confirmation.
In this cross-sectional study, medical records and records in legal medicine center in Kurdistan province were referred to and necessary information (demographic, maternal obstetrics, fetal age, admission date, cause and type of request and its results) were collected through the check list. Sampling was conducted through census method and all of the records of all pregnant women referring to this center to get permission for therapeutic abortion were studied. Data were analyzed using SPSS software and descriptive statistical analysis, T-test and X2.
Findings: 658 patients had referred to get permits for therapeutic abortion and 358 patients (4.54%) were issued the permit. The greatest number of clients were in the year 2009 (140 cases) and the highest percentage of confirmed cases (100%) were related to the year 2002. The most common reason for issuing permit was mother’s heart disease (56 cases) and fetus’s anencephaly (53 cases). The most common cause for not issuing the permit among the 300 rejected cases were maternal and fetal reasons, maternal mental disorder (35 cases) and multiple anomalies in the fetus (27 cases). Also, 20 cases of requests were rejected for gestational age (19 weeks or more).
It seems that despite the increasing number of applicants for therapeutic abortion in recent years, there has not been proper notification of the details for its legal process and there was a significant increase in the number of rejected cases. Therefore, there is a necessity for raising the awareness of the related medical staff, pregnant women and also other community members about the timing and indications for therapeutic abortion. Also, in certain high-risk groups methods of contraception should be used.

Nurses are the major group among health care professionals, and so, they must be had accountability in their nursing care delivery. Because, their error's had effects on patients that it usually they are irreversible. So, legislators for preventing these errors in medical and nursing staff define many penalties, considerably. the aim of this study was defining negligence concept in nursing care and what it is in Iranian judiciary. Methods and Materials: This study reviewed the laws of Iran such as nemesis and atonements associated about nursing negligence and criminal documents at Criminal Justice Medical Integrated of Tehran and the lawyer's views in 2014. : In Iran, for having taken the nurses accountable in the judiciary system, the behaviors due to their negligence which have led to the patient's deaths or at least their mental and physical damage ought to be taken into consideration and also the secularized causality relationship should be between their behavior and the outcome as well. In the Iranian judiciary system, no definition of nursing negligence or fault has been given by the legislator in the penal system, and only some possibilities such as recklessness, carelessness, lack of skill, and not having regarded the governmental laws and principles have been noticed. It would be suggested that nurse managers planning in-service education and directing nurses with how assessing and reaction of the judiciary systems to nurse's negligence in care delivery.