فهرست مطالب فریبا نصیری زیبا

Spinal cord injury is usually debilitating and has many negative effects on the quality of life of people due to secondary complications. Therefore, improving the quality of life of people with spinal cord injury is one of the main priorities in the nursing profession. Also, educating self-care behaviors and obtaining information from nurses can be helpful for people with this problem. Self-care is also the most important form of primary care for chronic diseases in the health sector. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of self-care education on the quality of life of people with spinal cord injury referred to Khatam Ol-Anbia Hospital in Tehran.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a control group. 84 patients with spinal cord injury referred to Khatam Ol-Anbia Hospital in Tehran in the first 6 months of 2020 were selected through systematic random sampling and divided in two groups; an intervention group and a control group. The questionnaire used in this study is an abbreviated form of WHO Quality of Life Assessment Group. WHOQOL-BREF Introduction is a 26-item questionnaire that measures a person's overall quality of life. This questionnaire has four subscales and an overall score. These subscales include: physical health, mental health, social relationships, environmental health, and an overall score. The reliability of Quality of Life questionnaire was achieved through Cronbach's alpha which was equal to α= 0.79 and internal correlation coefficient was calculated for relative reliability which was equal to 0.85. After coordination with the officials of Khatam Ol-Anbia Hospital in Tehran, the researcher referred to the spinal cord injury wards and after introducing himself, explaining the nature and objective of the research, and the procedures to conduct the study to the ward staff, the patients, and their companions, received informed consent from the patients.The pre-test was performed for both groups and before the intervention, the questionnaires of demographic characteristics and WHO Quality of Life were completed by patients admitted to the spinal cord injury wards. Then, the intervention group was formed in the social network entitled "Self-care and spinal cord injuries" and in addition to the usual training, 30-session self-care training was conducted every day for 30 minutes which lasted a month. The training included description of the disease, complications of the disease, types of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for disease control, self-care and its importance in rehabilitation, how to follow a proper diet, how to follow the prescribed medication and daily activities, exercise and physical activity, counseling and talking with friends, family and non- family support, the skills of how to change the position, transfer, increase performance and independence of patients with spinal cord injury.In this study, 42 patients participated in each group, and 4 patients in the intervention group and 2 in the control group were excluded from the study for reasons such as cancellation of cooperation, not completing the questionnaire in pre-test or post-test stages, not studying the material submitted for more than three sessions (according to the feedback, the daily review of message information, analyzing Read or Delivered option in the social network), and finally a total of 38 patients comprised the intervention group and 40 patients the control group. At first, the patients were asked not to post irrelevant material and to express their views if they had any questions or concerns about the training provided. Also, only routine trainings were performed for the control group. To perform the post-test, one month after the end of the educational intervention, the tools were completed again by the two groups. The post-test was performed for the patients who returned to the hospital and the spinal cord injury wards on time, but for other patients, the questionnaires were sent privately to the social network and were completed remotely. After the posttest, the educational booklet was given to the control group. In this research, educational content was prepared by referring to the available library resources and with the guidance of supervisors and consultants.The validity of the educational content was assessed qualitatively by a survey of 3 faculty members. After collecting data, the results were analyzed through descriptive and inferential tests such as Fisher's exact test, Chi-square, independent t-test, and paired t-test in SPSS 16.

The results indicated no difference between the two groups in terms of distribution of underlying variables. Comparison of quality of life showed that the quality of life in patients with spinal cord lesions was not statistically significant before and after the intervention (P >0.05) and also the quality of life in the two groups was improved after the intervention and a statistically significant difference was observed (P <0.001). Regarding the changes in quality of life score, the mean quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury before the intervention was 13.10 ± 14.57 in the intervention group and 13.43 ± 13.97 in the control group. One week after the intervention, the mean quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury was 22.38 ± 13.98 in the intervention group and 15 ± 14.48 in the control group.

The results indicate that self-care program training is effective in improving the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury. According to the researcher, several factors affect the results, including the nature of the disease, involvement of all body systems, and difficult conditions (lack of definitive treatment, dependence on nurses and informal caregivers) that make it difficult to control the disease. On the other hand, environmental conditions and economic situation, as well as lack of easy access to some drugs may have been involved in assessing the quality of life of these patients. According to the results, the method used in the present study can be suggested to nurses as a simple, non-invasive, low-cost, and effective method in improving the quality of life of patients with spinal cord injury.

Aging is associated with several health threats, including poor sleep quality which is one of the most common problems among elderly people. Sleep problems are prevalent in hospitalized elderly patients, out of which one can name having trouble falling asleep or waking up frequently during the night. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the sleep quality of elderly patients with coronary artery disease admitted to Imam Ali Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, during 2018.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 elderly people with coronary artery disease. The sampling was performed using a continuous method. After data collection, the data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 25). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The mean±SD age of the elderly was 68.87±7.83 years. Regarding the sleep quality, the majority of the elderly (75.5%) had poor sleep quality. Moreover, sleep quality had no significant correlation with age, gender, marital status, educational level, and occupational status.

Based on the results of this study, the sleep quality of the majority of the elderly was poor. Moreover, sleep quality was not significantly correlated with demographic characteristics. Therefore, health policy makers should consider necessary interventions in education regarding the importance of sleeping for the elderly and their families.

spinal cord waste is one of the health and health problems of human societies, which provide a variety of physical and mental problems for the disabled and his family. The disability resulting from spinal cord waste takes special attention because it has the potential to cause complications in different body systems, and the toll is often widespread and has a wide impact on the quality of life affected by different facets. This study is a clinical trial of Observational study. The statistical population of all the patients of the spinal cord is referred to the Khatam-al-Anbia hospital in Tehran. The sample of the study consisted of 70 patients with spinal cord injuries selected by the available sampling. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of test and control groups (each group 35). Data collection instrument was questionnaire, the Cooper Smith self - esteem questionnaire (58 questions). Prior to the completion of the questionnaires by both groups, stretching exercises was completed by the test group patients and after 12 sessions the questionnaires were completed by both groups. The data analysis method was selected with SPSS number 22. the results of the present study showed that the effect of performance of the tensile safety program for the pre - and post - intervention group for regard to the results of paired t - test analysis, the exercise of the stretching exercises on self - esteem for the control group before and after intervention in general self - esteem, social self - esteem and lying have been effective (p < 0.05). also, the application of the stretching exercises on self - esteem for the pre - post and post - intervention group has been effective for the pre - post - intervention group, family self - esteem, community self - esteem, academic self - esteem, academic self - esteem, and effective stress (p < 0.05).

The findings of this study showed that doing stretching exercises affects the degree of self - of the patients with spinal cord injuries. In order to plan and policy the health system against the phenomenon of disease, it is of particular importance to improve the self - esteem in society.

Sleep is a restorative process for the psyche and body, and lack of sufficient sleep with proper quality causes various physical and mental disorders in individuals over time. Quality of life is the perception of an individual toward their life conditions within the cultural beliefs and value system of the society. The present study aimed to determine the association between sleep quality and quality of life in the operating room technologists employed in the teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences. 

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 134 operating room technologists engaged in the teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, who were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, Pittsburgh sleep quality index, and quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 22 using multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and Pearson's correlation-coefficient.

A significant, direct correlation was observed between the quality of life and sleep quality (P<0.05). However, sleep quality and quality of life had no significant associations with demographic variables (P>0.05).

According to the results, increased sleep quality was associated with the higher quality of life of the operating room technologists. Considering the correlation between these variables, authorities must improve sleep quality and quality of life through implementing educational workshops to provide training on the adjustment of sleep and enhancement of quality of life for operating room technologists.

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is considered to be a common abnormality in the women of the reproductive age, which reduces efficiency in various professional groups. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of PMS and its influential factors in the operating room technologists. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 112 operating room technologists in the teaching hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences during 2016-2017. The participants were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using three questionnaires of demographic characteristics, PMS symptom screening, and occupational stress. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 23 using descriptive and inferential statistics (Fisher's exact test and Chi-Square). Approximately 57.1% of the operating room technologists had moderate-to-severe PMS. No significant correlations were observed between age, body mass index, education level, physical exercise, and regular exercise with PMS. However, there were significant correlations between PMS, type of physical exercise (P=0.027), and occupational stress (P=0.005). According to the results, PMS had a lower prevalence in the technologists with less occupational stress and those with physical exercise (especially endurance training) comparatively. Therefore, it is recommended that training interventions be implemented in order to reduce occupational stress and encourage physical exercise in these healthcare professionals.

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between quality of life and hope in people with ischemic heart disease.

The increase in the number of patients with ischemic heart disease in recent years and its psychological and physical consequences and complications necessitates investigating their quality of life and hope.

In this descriptive-correlational study, 150 people with ischemic heart disease hospitalized in Shahid Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center in Tehran, Iran, were investigated. Data collection tools were demographic information questionnaire, France and Powers quality of life questionnaire (1999) and Snyder hope scale (1991). Data were analyzed in SPSS using descriptive and inferential statistical.

The results of the present study showed that the quality of life in people with ischemic heart disease was at a good level (mean score 20.64±3). The level of hope in these patients was high (the mean score 40.33±5). There was a statistically significant relationship between hope and quality of life score (P≤0.0001, r=0.48).

Regarding the positive relationship of quality of life with hope in ischemic heart patients, nurses can be advised to pay attention to these aspects of life in this group of patients and incorporate into their routine care.

Patients with intestinal stoma experience periods of psychological and physical disorders, including disturbances in self-efficacy. It is presumed that factors such as emotional intelligence could be associated with self-efficacy in these patients. The present study aimed to determine the correlation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy in patients with intestinal stoma. This descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 155 patients (79 men and 76 women) with intestinal stoma (colostomy and ileostomy) referring to the selected hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences and Iranian Ostomy Association in 2018. The patients were selected via convenience sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, ostomy self-efficacy questionnaire, and Schutte self-report emotional intelligence test. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 16 using descriptive and inferential statistics, including the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-test. The results of Pearson's correlation-coefficient indicated a positive, significant correlation between emotional intelligence and self-efficacy (P<0.001; r=0.49). However, no significant associations were observed between demographic variables and emotional intelligence. On the other hand, self-efficacy was significantly correlated with the marital status of the patients (P=0.03), so that the married patients had higher self-efficacy compared to the single patients. According to the results, the patients with higher emotional intelligence had higher self-efficacy. Therefore, it is recommended that proper planning and educational interventions be implemented regarding emotional intelligence in order to enhance self-efficacy in patients with intestinal stoma.

Operating room technologists are constantly exposed to sleep disturbances due to their occupationally sensitive nature and these disorders lead to physical and psychological complications. Job stress is one of the important factors of physical and mental complications, as well as reduction of efficiency in operating room technologists. In this descriptive-analytical study, the sample size was 134, which was calculated using the sample size formula and included the operating room technologists working in educational hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences who were available and the questionnaires were given to them. The questionnaires included the following items: 1) Demographic information such as age, sex, work record, marital status and educational level, 2) Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) 3) Kahen et al. job stress questionnaire. The quality of sleep and job stress did not have a significant relationship with any of the demographic variables. there is no significant difference in mean of sleep quality and occupational stress among single and married people. Nursing managers are aware of the results of this study by properly communicating with the operating room technologists and supporting them and creating the right environment for the continuing professional activity of technologists to reduce occupational stress, as well as for operating room technology technologists, classes and workshops to increase Sleep patterns and stress management are organized periodically.

Universities should be concerned about the psychological, social and emotional needs of students, and create the appropriate conditions for creating a productive learning environment. A study of the learning environment is helpful in realizing this. It has been said that learning environment is considered as an important aspect for medical graduates. Regarding this issue, this study aimed to investigate the difference in perception of the quality of the learning environment from the viewpoint of continuous and discontinuous undergraduate operational room technology students of Iran University of Medical Sciences during the period of 1395-96. A descriptive study was carried out in 1395-1396. A total of 143 (50 male and 93 female) undergraduate students responded to the DDRE (Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure) questionnaire. The questionnaire has 50 items, the range of question scores were in the range of 0-200. The higher scores indicated better learning environments and lower scores indicated more unfavorable learning environments. The mean of total score of the learning environment of the undergraduate operational room students was 106 ± 22.6. The scores of non continuous graduate students assessing the quality of the learning environment (115.65±20.17) were higher compared to the continuous undergraduate students scores (102.25±20.55), which was also significant (P=0.01). This study showed that non-continuous bachelor’s students assessed the learning environment more positively in comparison with continuous bachelor students. Furtheremore, with considering all of the dimensions of the questionnaire, it is possible to improve all aspects of the learning environment.

Motivation is one of the significant tools in promoting employees to reach a better result and to create a positive working environment for successful implementation of the planned programs. This study was conducted to determine the job motivation of the surgical technologists in educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences in 2016 and 2017. Methods and Materials: This article was descriptive cross-sectional study conducted on 128 surgical technologists selected from operation rooms of educational hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences by census sampling. Data were collected using the 40-item questionnaire of Herzberg Occupational Motivation. Data analysis was performed using independent t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation coefficient by SPSS software. The mean score of occupational motivation was 3.33 ± 0.52 (out of 4), which indicated medium to high occupational motivation among the surgical technologists. Among the internal factors, the nature of work and appreciation of employees were the most and the least important factors respectively. Among the external factors, salary and wage were the most important factors and supervision and the work policy had the least important factor. The results demonstrated that external factors are more important than internal factors in creating occupational motivation of surgical technologists. Discussion and Conclusion: The results showed that the occupational motivation of the surgical technologists was higher than the average and the external factors were more important compared to the internal factors in creating occupational motivation.

Educational environment has a great impact on student’s success, satisfaction, happiness, improvement, and job selection. In fact, inappropriate educational environments cost lots of finance. The present study aimed to compare the male and female undergraduate surgical technologists toward a quality of educational environment in Iran University of medical sciences in 2016-2017.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study has been performed in 2016-2017. 143 undergraduate surgical technologists filled the (DREEM) questioner. This questionnaire contain 50 questions with the score range of (0-200). Higher scores indicate a better educational environment; on the other hand, lower scores indicate a worse educational environment. DREEM questionnaire divided to 5 aspects including: Student perception of learning, Student perception of teachers, Student perception of their abilities, Student perception of academic atmosphere, and Student social self-perception. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 22.
The current study demonstrated that there is a significant relationship between views of male and female about their educational environment (P=0.02). Male undergraduate surgical technologist had more positive views than female. Furthermore, getting older has been affected on the understanding of the quality of educational environment.
Discussion and Male students had more positive view than female student. Moreover, the age group of 30-33 had the highest score among the others.

The concept which can be deduced from productivity is the proportion of output to input in a system. Productivity and factors affecting it are managers concern in manufacturing and service sectors. Worker status is a great challenge to improve the productivity and efficiency of hospitals. In this study, the proficiency of surgical technologist has been assessed in the Hospital of Iran University of Medical Sciences.
Methods and Materials: This cross-sectional study performed on 127 surgical technologist staff in educational hospitals of Iran University of medical sciences. Data were collected through demographic questionnaire and Hersey Goldsmit questionnaire. Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution tables, graph, and calculating numerical analysis by SPSS software.
Based on the results, labor proficiency was investigated in 7 dimensions. The mean of ability dimension was 9.64, understanding and structure dimension was 8.04, organizational support dimension was 8.9, incentive dimension was 9.2, feedback dimension was 12.36, validity dimension was 10.55, and compatibility dimension was 8.55. Moreover, the total mean for productivity was 69.71 (SD=15.72).
Discussion and The results reveal that the level of staff proficiency is low (69.71 from 130). Regarding lack of attention to the organizational productivity, it seems to need more attention in this area.

Promotion of creative skills is one of the goals of higher education for training nursing students and also the need for innovative nurses in intensive care wards is felt to provide exclusive complex care to very ill patients. Thus, this survey aimed to compare creative skills in the nursing students and nurses in 30 intensive care units of hospital covered by Tehran University of medical sciences in 2013.

In this cross-sectional study, all freshman (131) and senior (126) nursing students through census method and 150 nurses in the intensive care units of hospitals covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2013 were selected by random sampling. Abedi Creativity questionnaire was used for data gathering. Data were analyzed using SPSS software, with variance analysis and Toki tests; at the significant level P<0.05.

Mean score of creative skills scores for freshman students was 126.1±7.4, senior students 142.4±8.6 and for nurses 151/6±8/4 that was statistically significant. There is a meaningful difference between the freshman students with senior students (p<0.01), freshman students with nurses (p=0.02) and senior students with nurses (p=0.01) in terms of the mean scores of creative skills. So that nurses̛ creativity skills was more than of freshmen and senior students.

Research findings show that creative skill in critical care nurses is more than students and also in senior students is more than freshman students. Low levels of creative skill among nursing students compare to nurses indicates the necessity of the skill improvement by embedding them in students’ curriculum and using modern methods of teaching.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common neurological diseases that cause disability in the nervous system which reduces quality of life. Stretching exercise is a low-cost and non-invasive method that can be used to improve physical health composite. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stretching exercises on the physical health composite for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). In this quasi-experimental study, 90 patients with MS were recruited from Tehran MS association and Sina hospital research center. Subjects were divided into two groups of experimental and control. MSQOL-54 scale was used to evaluate the physical health for both groups at first. Then, the correct way of exercises is taught to patients. Experimental groups did stretching exercise for 12 weeks, three times every week. Subjects in control group did not have any intervention. Quality of life was again measured in both groups after 12 weeks. Collecting method was based on personal information and MSQOL-54. The data were analyzed by SPSS software version 18. There were no significant differences regarding physical health at baseline in the two groups (p=0.82). There was a significant result that shows physical health score in experimental group increases as compared to control group (p<0.001). According to the present results, stretching exercise raises quality of life of multiple sclerosis patients. Therefore, this method is safe, simple, non-invasive and low-cost that is recommended.

This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating mental health status in critical care nurses working in Coronary Care Unit (CCU)، Intensive Care Unit (ICU)، Emergency Department (ED) and dialysis ward in teaching hospitals of Tehran، Iran. Nursing is known as a difficult profession which needs an endless patience and tolerance with patients and their families. Furthermore، nurses must update theirs knowledge in all nursing-related topics، but it seems that it is so hard for nurses to update knowledge and at the same time، do their professional tasks such as meeting patients and family needs which occupy nearly all their time. This could run them at risk mentally and physically. Besides، it is much more possible for critical care nurses to be affected because of aggravated work-related stresses. This is a cross- sectional descriptive study. The sample included 375 critical care nurses with at least one year of nursing experience and six months of working in critical care wards. The convenience sampling method was used. Three valid and reliable questionnaires were used in thisstudy: «Chalder Fatigue Questionnaire»، «Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale»، and «Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index». Questionnaires were filled by study participants and the data were analyzed by SPSS. The findings revealed that %73 of nurses experienced mild levels of anxiety، and %16. 5 of them reported mild to moderate levels of anxiety. The remaining had either moderate to severe or severe levels of anxiety. Regarding sleep quality، %89. 2 of the samples had bad sleep quality. In terms of fatigue، all participants reported moderate to severe fatig. Critical care nurses in teaching hospitals of Tehran do not have satisfying mental health status. Most of them are suffering from bad sleep quality، moderate to severe fatigue، and mild or mild to moderate anxiety.

Diabetic Foot Ulcer is one of the important problems related to diabetes which very affects on quality ‎of life these patients. The purpose of this article study was comparison the life quality between men and women ‎with diabetic foot ulcer.‎ This cross-sectional study with purpose to study 72 men and 48 women with diabetic foot ‎ulcer quality of life. In this study used simple sampling. Instrument for gathering data was diabetic foot scale, which ‎specific questionnaire for evaluation quality of life diabetic foot ulcer patients. The data were analyzed with ‎descriptive and inferential statistic tests with SPSS software windows version.‎ from 120 patients with diabetic foot ulcer were participant in this study, 60% were men and 40% were ‎women with mean age 54/23(±12) years. Scores was obtained in quality of life domains has shown Friends ‎‎(p=0/024), Treatment (0/013) and Finance (p=0/032) has significant between men and women quality of life. We ‎find significant relation between age and QOL in both genders (p=0/007). Marriage has significant with QOL in men ‎‎(p=0/014) and women (p=0/002). Economic status has significant only with men (p=0/010) and employ status has ‎only with women (p=0/001) QOL. Education status and body mass index has not significant relation with QOL in ‎nobody genders. Quality of life in women with diabetic foot ulcer on most domains of quality of life was lower than men. ‎

Effective steps towards prevention of dissatisfaction and promotion of care could be operationalized by assessing consumers’ satisfaction and studying the reasons of their dissatisfaction. Regarding the special needs of ostomy patients this study has been done with the aim of determining the ostomy patient’s satisfaction with nursing care. In this cross- sectional study, 300 ostomy patients were recruited by convenience sampling from Educational Hospitals of Iran, Tehran & Shahied Beheshti University. Data was collected by Modified Quality from Patient perspective and was analyzed using SPSS –PC (ver.16) The mean for Items related to respect by nurse during care, good relationship during information giving, and information regarding bathing with ostomy were respectively high. The mean for items of information related to ostomy association, types of appliances and how to provide them and provision of time to talk to patients were respectively low. although total satisfaction with ostomy nursing care was high, but some aspects of nursing care should be revised to promote satisfaction with care.

Introduction and Long time working shifts and its related tiredness threatens the health of staff nurses in various dimensions. If nurses don’t experience a good general health, they would not be able to deliver good patient care. The health status of nurses as caregivers influences the quality of care received by patients. Therefore, in order to reach the point of maximum performance, it is necessary for nurses to be healthy. This study aims to compare the general health among two groups of staff nurses with either fixed or rotating working shift in educational health care centers of Iran University of Medical Sciences in year 2006. This comparative study was conducted with a sample of 520 nurses. A GHQ-28 tool was used to survey the general health of staff nurses participated in this study. The findings showed that 72.3% of nurses with fixed working shift had good general health, 18.8% had nearly good general health and 8.8% had bad general health. Of nurses with rotating working shift, 62.3% had good general health, 26.2% had nearly good general health, and 11.5% had bad general health. The results of Chi-Square test showed a statistically significant difference in general health of nurses with fixed working shift compared with nurses with rotating working shift, indicating that the nurses with fixed working shift have better general health (P < 0.005). Because nurses are responsible for society and patient's health taking their general health into consideration is of great importance. Based on findings of the present study, the researchers recommend the nurse managers to plan staff schedules in the form of fixed working shifts, in order to minimize untoward influences of rotating working shifts.

Nurses with the nature of their own career and profession confronting with many issues and tension in their work environment and different work shifts in day and night time make them susceptible to sleep disorders, particularly where the majority of nurses are females who have the responsibilities of caring of their families and other social and professional roles which limits the period of their sleep time. Therefore, this study is conducted with the purpose of comparison of sleep quality in two groups of nurses with and without rotation work shift hours. This study was a descriptive comparative desing with the sample size of 520 nurses that were selected with the stratified sampling method who have been working in different work shift hours in teaching hospitals of Iran University of Medical Sciences. The data collection instrument was Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index(PSQI). The findings showed that %69.6 of the subjects had a good quality of sleep and the remainder (% 30.4) had a bad sleep quality. About % 56.2 of the subjects with the rotation work shift had a good sleep quality and %43.8 had a bad sleep quality. The result of Chi-Square test showed that there is a significant difference between sleep quality among nurses with fixed and unfixed work shift hours. In other words, the nurses without rotation work shifts had better sleep quality than the nurses with rotation work shifts. Proper and efficient management of nursing work settings and accurate planning in work shifts are suggested to reduce nurse's sleep disorders. Improving sleep quality in nurses could increase their general health and ultimately promote the quality of caring in patients.

Today, sexually transmitted diseases are developed as a threatened health problem in the developed and developing countries. According to several studies, approximately one million people are affected by sexually transmitted diseases per day, with 333 millions cases in the world. The objectives of the study were to assess knowledge and attitude of women towards sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS and the relating factors. The design was descriptive study. The study sample consisted of 500 literate women from 15 to 49 years old in reproductive age. In this study the stratified random sampling was used. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. After completing the questionnaires, the scores of knowledge and attitude were categorized and then the association between knowledge and attitude, was determined in women in Andimeshk. The results showed that the mean and standard deviton of age scores in women, was 27.18±9. Most of the women (62.8%) had diploma in education. Only 11.2% of women were well-informed and had high knowledge level. Also 52/4% of the subjects had negative attitude in the transmitting ways of sexually transmitted diseases, and preventive strategies of AIDS. The analysis of variance showed significant correlation between knowledge and the variables of age (P=0.002), education (P=0.000), job (P=0.000), and the spouse's job (P=0.008) and partner's education (P=0.025). Also there were signifcant correlation between attitude and age (P=0.000), education (P=0.000), and job (P=0.003). Pearson correlation coeffiaent showed that there was a direct significant relationship between knowledge and attitude (P=0.000). Based on the study findings, appropriate knowledge about sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS leads to desired attitude and behavior, and reducing unreasonable fear. It seems that most of women need more education in this field with mass media.

Generally, increased number of old people is because of increased life expectancy. This large group of population in communities with regard to their physiological and psychological needs, necessitate special care by positive attitude from health care providers towards them. In fact, the attitude of nurses as health professionals will affect their assessing of old patients is prominent. The aim of the study was to determine nursing students and clinical nurse's attitude toward elderly patients care. This study was a comparative descriptive design in which a self-report questionnaire was used as data collection tool. Through continues sampling method, 522 subjects participated in this study. The study results revealed that there were significant differences of attitude toward old patients care between the first and third year nursing students and clinical nurses (P=0.000, c 2 =182.13). Besides, clinical nurses had positive attitude and nursing students had neutral attitude toward old patient care (P=0.000, F=149.94). In other words, the mean scores of attitude toward old patient care among clinical nurses was the highest and in the first year students was the lowest, score. Also, there were positive relationships between attitude toward old patient care and the time period of nursing employment (up to 15 years) in clinical nurses, and living with an old relative in the first year students. Moreover, female nurses had more positive attitudes toward old patients care than male nurses. According to the study findings, an extensive plan to improve nurse's attitude toward old patients is recommended. The researchers suggest that intervention to promote positive attitude in nursing, would be possible by implementing different strategies including curriculm revision.

Breast cancer is a very popular neoplastic disorder. In Iran, 7347 new cases have been reported by the year 2000. Support is a prominent need of any one who suffers from this disease. Determination of the needs of women with breast cancer, a descriptive study was carried out in some hospitals of Tehran. In this study needs were sorted by priorities, meanwhile, some variables such as age, marital status, types of treatment and the duration of disease were considered as well. 200 patient, all were under treatment within 5 years took part in this study. Findings revealed that those, between the ages of 21 to 75 emphasized on their treatments, future lives, friends and families as their important needs, but married women said that their friends, family and future lives were their prominent needs respectively. Women, who were gone under mastectomy, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, mentioned that their relation with friends is their most important need. Furthermore, significant relations were found between mentioned needs from the point of their priorities. Also factors such as age, marital status, duration of the disease and etc, did not interfere with the type of the needs. It can be concluded that all participants were worried about, future life, diagnosis, treatment, support system, information, femininity and body image, respectively. So, it is suggested that health team members specially nurses pay their special attention to women suffering breast cancer and provide them with good assessment, proper education and care.

Surgery is one of the pain and anxiety producing methods of treatment which in used in almost all hospitals. It is the responsibilities of medical team and specially nurses to perform any action to reduce it. It seems that preoperative information play an important role in alleviation of pain and anxiety. To determine the effect of preoperative information on pain and anxiety reduction. Design : This was a randomized clinical trial with control group. For the collection of data questionnaire were used for demographic data, Spiel Berger inventory for assessing anxiety and numerical rating scale for pain. Samples : 80 Patients were selected and assigned randomly to trial and control groups (40 in each group). There was no significant difference between two groups considering level of pain, but there was a significant difference between two groups considering level of situational anxiety. Findings supported the importance of preoperative information in minimizing patient's situational anxiety level.

In order to alleviate the pain after abdominal surgery we can use noninvasive therapy such as massage instead of invasive one. To determine the effect of massage on pain intensity after abdominal surgery. Design : This was a randomized controlled clinical trial.. Control group received two times massage within 24 to 72 hours after abdominal surgery (twice a day). But the trial group did not receive massage. The intensity of pain was measured by use of visual analogue scale and then the result of two groups were compared. Samples : 140 women who undergone hysterectomy and cholecystectomy operation were selected massage) group (70 in each). There was a significant difference between the intensity of pain before and after each massage and between two groups. This difference also indicated a reduction of pain intensity from first to fourth turns. The result also showed that reduction of pain was not related to age. Previous surgery and the frequency of pain relief medications. The result of this study indicated that noninvasive interventions shuck as massage can be used for pain alleviation instead of invasive one.