ebrahim piri

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of combined resistance training with TRX on body composition and physical fitness in non-athletic women.

The study population consisted of 30 sedentary women from Ardabil, who were voluntarily recruited from local fitness centers. Participants who met the inclusion criteria (no history of regular exercise, age between 25 and 35 years, and high body mass index) were randomly assigned to two groups: a traditional resistance training group (n = 15) and a TRX-integrated resistance training group (n = 15). The intervention lasted for five weeks, with four training sessions per week. Body composition, balance, flexibility, muscular strength, and core stability were assessed before and after the training period. Data were analyzed using paired and independent t-tests in SPSS version 24.

Both training programs led to significant improvements in weight, BMI, body fat percentage, balance, flexibility, and core muscle strength (p < 0.05). However, no significant differences were found between the two groups in most of the measured variables.

Overall, both TRX-assisted and traditional resistance training effectively improved physical fitness in sedentary overweight women; however, incorporating TRX into the training regimen did not produce significantly superior outcomes.

Foot pronation is a common lower limb deformity that can affect human movement mechanics. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the frequency spectrum of ground reaction forces (GRFs) during walking with and without the use of an anti-pronation insole in individuals with pronated feet.

Twenty men with pronated feet (mean age: 21.12 ± 1.47 years; mean weight: 71.52 ± 5.18 kg; mean height: 178.15 ± 4.18 cm) voluntarily participated in this study. A foot scan system was used to measure the frequency spectrum of GRFs during walking, both with and without the anti-pronation insole. A paired t-test was conducted for statistical analysis.

The results showed that the frequency at 99.5% power in the vertical component of the GRFs was significantly higher when using the insole compared to without it (p = 0.047, d = 0.85). Additionally, the frequency at 99.5% power was significantly higher with the insole in the big toe (p = 0.001, d = 0.30) and in toes 2 to 5 (p = 0.001, d = 0.29). Moreover, the frequency at 99.5% power in the vertical component of the first to fourth metatarsal regions was also significantly higher (p < 0.05).

The use of orthopedic insoles in individuals with pronated feet alters the biomechanical characteristics of gait and appears to enhance the distribution of vertical forces and the engagement of various foot structures.

The elderly population faces numerous challenges threatening their quality of life, autonomy, and mobility. Therefore, it is essential to implement activities that address and enhance these issues. This study aimed to examine the effects of rehabilitation exercises on the mechanics of transitional movements among the elderly.

The present study was a systematic review. Articles in Persian and English were searched from December 2020 to May 2024. The study examined the effects of various rehabilitation exercises on the biomechanics of transfer movements in elderly individuals. Specialized databases, including Magiran SID, Scopus، PubMed، ISC، WOS, and Google Scholar were utilized for the review. Initially, 74 relevant articles were selected, and ultimately, 21 articles related to different types of rehabilitation exercises for the elderly were analyzed based on inclusion and exclusion criteria.

The results showed that a variety of rehabilitation exercises can effectively enhance the reduction of peak ground reaction forces during transitional movements. Additionally, it was observed neuromuscular exercises improved the balance index. Conversely, resistance exercises improved both static and dynamic balance and reduced the risk of falling among the elderly.

Prolonged participation in combined exercises, which merge two or more rehabilitation exercises, might yield more beneficial results. However, further research is needed to determine the best type and intensity of exercise for improving the biomechanics of transfer movements in the elderly.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears are a common sports injury, the incidence of which is increasing due to the population's increased participation in sports activities. ACL tears can lead to serious knee complications, including cartilage damage, meniscus tears, and osteoarthritis. This systematic review aimed to examine the pathogenesis and treatment of ACL injuris in athletes.

Five electronic databases, Medline, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane, were comprehensively searched to identify published articles from January 1994 to October 2024 related to treatments of ACL rupture. According to the PICOS, the eligibility criteria were: 1) The samples were athletes who experienced ACL injury and 2) Studies were published in English language. The modified version of the Downs and Black checklist was used to assess the methodological quality of the included articles.

Findings demonstrated that the rate of ACL injury for basketball and handball players ranged from 4.1 to 5. Furthermore, the rates for soccer players are slightly lower, ranging from 2.3 to 2.5. Alpine skiing in high school has an injury rate of 3.1. In contrast, lacrosse, ice hockey, and Military training have rates of 1.4, 2.0, and 2.7 respectively.

Based on findings it can be conclude that basketball and handball players have higher rates of ACL injuries, especially at the collegiate level.

The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is vital for maintaining knee joint stability. ACL injuries are among the most common and debilitating lower limb injuries, with a rising incidence particularly among individuals aged 10 to 14 years. One of the major long-term consequences of ACL injury is the increased risk of knee osteoarthritis. Alterations in ground reaction forces and knee mechanics during gait have been observed in individual’s post-ACL reconstruction. The ACL consists of two functional bands: the anteromedial band, which tightens during knee flexion, and the posterolateral band, taut during extension, enabling stability throughout the range of motion. Quadriceps muscle weakness following reconstruction is significant, with deficits ranging from 24% to 40.5% six months post-surgery. This weakness compromises gait quality and may contribute to osteoarthritis development. The ACL also contains neural receptors essential for proprioception, balance, and protective knee responses. This review aims to synthesize current knowledge on body mechanics during transitional movements—walking, running, jumping, and landing—in individuals after ACL reconstruction.

A systematic search was conducted in Persian and English databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Magiran, ISC, and Google Scholar) from 1998 to March 2023. Keywords included “Anterior Cruciate Ligament,” “Transitional Movements,” “Knee Injury,” “Rehabilitation,” “Corrective Exercises,” and “Knee Ligament Surgery.” Seventy-four articles were initially identified; after applying inclusion criteria—focus on mechanics post-ACL reconstruction, isolated ACL injury, surgical intervention, and accessible full texts—18 articles were selected for review. Exclusion criteria included participants with other musculoskeletal abnormalities, prior surgeries on other knee ligaments, or re-injury post-surgery. The Dan and Black questionnaire, with reliability of 0.89 and validity of 0.90, was used to assess article quality.

Among the 18 reviewed studies, five focused on walking biomechanics post-ACL reconstruction, revealing that muscle weakness and reduced joint range of motion disrupt normal gait mechanics. One study highlighted that graft type influences gait mechanics. Four studies on running biomechanics showed incomplete recovery of knee function up to 12 months post-surgery, emphasizing the need for targeted quadriceps strengthening, especially in female athletes. Eight studies examined jumping and landing biomechanics, demonstrating deficits in these abilities linked to quadriceps weakness and impaired proprioception. Strengthening quadriceps and hamstrings improves joint range of motion and proprioceptive function. Quality assessment scores ranged from 64.51% to 87.09%.

Targeted rehabilitation focusing on quadriceps and hamstring strengthening, along with improving joint range of motion and proprioception, is critical for restoring optimal movement mechanics following ACL reconstruction.

Research has shown that exercises using the Wim Hof Method can positively affect the immune system. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review the impact of meditation, breathing exercises, and cold exposure using the Wim Hof Method on the autonomic nervous system.

This study is a systematic review. The number of articles in this field is limited. The search, conducted in both Persian and English, covered the period from 2013 to 2024 and included databases such as WoS, Civilica, ISC, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 5 relevant articles were reviewed and analyzed.

One study revealed that exercises incorporating this method effectively reduced perceived stress levels in participants. Additionally, two articles provided compelling evidence that young individuals practicing the Wim Hof Method experienced significant recovery from flu-like symptoms induced by bacterial endotoxins, such as shivering and headaches. Two other studies indicated that exercises associated with the Wim Hof Method positively influence the autonomic nervous system, suggesting potential benefits in managing autoimmune diseases.

These exercises were notably effective in reducing symptoms of autoimmune diseases. The results indicate that performing meditation, breathing exercises, and cold exposure using the Wim Hof Method has a significant impact on the body's autonomic nervous system and may help improve or manage autoimmune diseases.

Diabetes type 2 is an importance public health problem affecting more than 285 million people in the world. The purpose of the current review is to investigating and comparing the effect of different types of exercise on insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes in order to make a favorable summary and provide better and more useful information in choosing the type of exercise for these patients based on the results of previous research.

In this study, articles were searched in Magiran, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Springer databases and 115 related articles were selected based on the desired keywords. After reviewing 115 articles, 87 articles were included in the study based on the inclusion criteria that were close to the field of physical activity and diabetes. After re-examining the articles, 28 articles were selected with the aim of examining exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes.

By studying the selected articles, it was concluded that aerobic training through weight loss and body fat percentage, resistance training through increasing muscle volume, intense interval training through activating adenosine monophosphate-activating protein kinase (AMPK) and combined training through Improving body composition has increased insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The current review indicates that aerobic, resistance, HIIT and combined exercises (with any intensity, duration and type of exercise) increase insulin sensitivity in people with type 2 diabetes. However, it seems that combined exercises have more and more beneficial effects.

Research conducted in recent decades indicates that rehabilitation exercises have a significant impact on improving complications associated with the upper limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to review the effect of various exercise protocols on the improvement of upper crossed syndrome.

This study was a systematic review, involving a search for articles in both Farsi and English from December 2011 to April 2023. The search was conducted across specialized databases including PubMed, WOS, Scopus, SID, Magiran, ISC, Science Direct, JCR, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 10 articles focusing on different exercise protocols for individuals with upper crossed syndrome were identified and examined.

Six articles addressed the effect of various exercise protocols on posture improvement in individuals suffering from upper crossed syndrome, indicating that these exercises contribute to achieving proper posture. Additionally, four articles investigated the impact of different exercise protocols on enhancing dynamic and static balance in individuals with upper crossed syndrome, demonstrating a significant improvement in both static and dynamic balance through the implementation of these exercise protocols.

The findings of this review study highlight the efficacy of corrective exercises in ameliorating upper crossed syndrome.

In general segmentation, review studies are divided into two groups: narrative reviews and systematic reviews. The research methods for narrative and systematic reviews are completely different. Narrative review articles can be written based on the interests of the researcher, which is one of the weaknesses of this style of review, while systematic review articles have an organized structure and are more reliable. Narrative reviews cover diverse topics such as epidemiological findings, concepts and hypotheses of certain psychiatric diseases, current understandings of specific diseases, psychopharmacology, and treatment guidelines. This reflects the fact that systematic reviews have been rapidly and increasingly replacing traditional narrative (explicit) reviews as the standard platform for providing and updating currently available research findings as confident evidence. Most journals have changed their policy regarding the acceptance of review papers, giving priority to systematic reviews as regular review articles and excluding narrative reviews to provide the best evidence for all basic and clinical questions and further hypotheses. The major advantage of systematic reviews is that they are based on the findings of comprehensive and systematic literature searches across all available resources, minimizing selection bias and avoiding subjective selection.

Various lower limb abnormalities can adversely affect human movement mechanics, such as walking, and induce symptoms of joint instability. Structural deviations, particularly in the knees and ankles, elevate the risk of injury and may impede individuals from engaging in activities. Consequently, alongside exercise protocols, individuals may require supportive tools to address these deformities. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the efficacy of Traband and braces in diverse training protocols for individuals with genu varum and genu valgum.

This study adopted a review approach, scouring Persian articles from 2018 to 2024 across databases including Wos, Science Direct, Sid, Magiran, Civilica, Isc, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Ultimately, 10 articles pertaining to the impact of various training protocols utilizing Traband and braces on cruciate knee genu varum and genu valgum were scrutinized.

Three studies revealed that Traband usage enhances and sustains balance in genu valgum deformities, with two articles indicating its effectiveness in rectifying genu varum abnormalities. Additionally, three studies demonstrated braces' effectiveness in ameliorating genu valgum deformities, while two articles suggested their role in genu varum recovery.

The findings indicate that performing distinct exercises with braces and Trabands yields positive effects on knee brace and crossed knee deformities. However, Traband, due to its non-restrictive nature and cost-effectiveness, emerges as a favorable option compared to braces.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools in individuals with genu valgum. To ensure a comprehensive review, a search for original research, review articles, and clinical trials in both Persian and English was conducted using databases such as WOS, SID, ISC, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. The search covered publications during January 2008 to March 2023. A total of 76 relevant articles were selected based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 22 articles ultimately reviewed and analyzed regarding the effects of various corrective exercises and supportive tools on genu valgum. Findings from one study indicated that aerobic exercises had a significant impact on reducing body mass index (BMI) and the severity of genuvalgum. Other studies reported positive effects of resistance and corrective exercises on improving muscle electrical activity and knee stability. One study demonstrated that the use of orthotic insoles could significantly enhance knee joint support during stair descent. Six studies highlighted the positive effects of using orthoses, wedges, and braces in individuals with genu valgum. Conversely, one study pointed out the negative impact of these tools, citing the reduced limiting angle of the brace, increased applied forces, and, ultimately, greater injury risk. However, findings from three studies overwhelmingly supported the positive effects of using kinesiotape in individuals with genu valgum, providing optimism about the effectiveness of these interventions. In conclusion, our review underscores the promising potential of corrective exercises, particularly resistance exercises with TheraBand, and the combination of these with supportive tools such as insoles for arch support and kinesiotape. These interventions show significant promise in reducing the degree of knee valgus in individuals with genu valgum. This hopeful outlook can inspire healthcare professionals and individuals seeking evidence-based interventions for genu valgum, empowering them with the knowledge to make informed decisions about their care.

Resistance training is a fundamental method for inducing muscle growth, enhancing functional capacity, and preventing injuries among athletes. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of an eight-week resistance training program on the performance progress of young sprint runners.

  This semi-experimental study involved the selection of 34 young runners who were then randomly assigned to either a training group or a control group. The exercise group underwent resistance training sessions for eight weeks. Parameters including absolute power, relative power, lower limb power, and 100m sprint records were analyzed. The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANCOVA) test was employed to compare the pre-test and post-test results of the two groups. Additionally, the correlated t-test was used to compare post-test results between the groups. The paired t-test was also utilized to compare pre-test and post-test results within the training group. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 26.

The findings revealed that the exercise group, which underwent resistance exercises with weights for eight weeks, experienced a significant improvement compared to the control group. Furthermore, factors such as absolute strength, relative strength, lower limb strength, and limb telemetry showed significant increases. Additionally, athletes in the training group achieved faster sprint records.

Resistance training promotes muscle hypertrophy, enhances power, and improves sprint records. Therefore, it can be concluded that athletes involved in track and field events utilize resistance training as part of their preparation to enhance performance and achieve record-breaking results.

The ankle joint is one of the most vulnerable joints in the body due to weight bearing. Pronated foot is one of the most common complications of the lower limbs. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of training in water and training with thera-band on the frequency spectrum of electrical activity of lower limb muscles in people with pronated foot during walking.

The present research was a clinical trial study that was conducted in a semi-experimental and laboratory. The statistical sample of the present study included 45 students of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili who had pronated foot, were selected purposefully and were randomly and equally placed in three groups: TheraBand, exercise in water, and control. The training protocol used for the water training group was based on the sports prescription guidelines of the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM), and for the training group with the thera-band, it was performed using an orange thera-band in three sets with repetitions of 14 movements. To measure the frequency spectrum of the electrical activity of the lower limb muscles, it was recorded using a wireless surface electromyography device. Likewise, analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Bonferroni post hoc test were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P≤0.05.

The results showed that the interactive effect of time and group on the middle frequency spectrum of electromyography of the vastus medialis muscle in the exercises of the thera-band group during walking had a significant decrease (P=0.02). Other variables from the pre-test stage to the post-test did not show statistically significant differences (P<0.05).

It seems that doing exercises in water and thera-band doesn't statistically have much effect on the frequency spectrum of the electrical activity of the lower limb muscles.

Resistance training is one of the training methods that leads to muscle growth, functional improvement and injury prevention for athletes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of twelve weeks dry-land resistance training improving swimmers records. The Present study was semi-experimental. The implementation of the present study, 60 young swimmers were selected and randomly divided into two training and control groups. The exercise group performed resistance exercises for twelve weeks. Absolute power, relative power, lower limb power and 100m free style record were analyzed. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANCOVA) test was used to compare the pre-test and post-test of two groups. Also, in order to compare the post-test of two groups, the correlated t-test was used. Paired t-test was also used to compare the pre-test and post-test of the training group to obtain the effect of resistance training. All statistical tests were performed in SPSS version 26.

Fatigue is considered one of the factors effective in changing the electrical activity of muscles so that it is directly linked to increasing the potential of muscular injuries and functional decline in various stages of sports. The present study was conducted to evaluate the frequency of electrical activity of lower limb muscles before and after fatigue during running in individuals with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) compared to healthy individuals.

This quasi-experimental research was conducted on 14 women with a history of COVID-19 over the past two months (the experimental group) and 14 women without a history of COVID-19 (the control group) with an age range of 18-30 years using the convenience sampling method in the city of Ardabil. The fatigue protocol started using a sophisticated treadmill at a speed of 6 km/h, and the treadmill speed was accelerated by 1 km/h every 2 minutes. The Borg’s Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) 6-20 Scale was used to determine the participants’ final moment of fatigue. A steady-state running fatigue protocol ended at a score higher than 17 on the Borg’s RPE 6-20 scale or 80% of maximum heart rate. Electromyography data were analyzed using the data LITE biometrics software before and after the fatigue protocol.

There was a statistically significant increase in the frequency of the electrical activity of the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle between the post-test of the control group and the experimental group (d=0.410, P=0.035). The pretest-posttest difference of the frequency of electrical activity of the VL muscle after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the loading response phase during running had a statistically significant increase in the experimental group than in the control group (d=0.602, P=0.016). The frequency of the activity of the semitendinosus muscle increased after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the mid-stance phase of running (d=0.261, P=0.005). The impact of fatigue on the frequency of the activity of the VL muscle during the push-off phase of running was statistically significant (d=0.140, P=0.049). The frequency of the activity of the VL muscle increased after fatigue compared to before fatigue during the push-off phase of running in the experimental group.

The increased electrical activity of the lower limb muscles in various phases of running after fatigue in individuals with a history of COVID-19 can be attributed to decreased neuromuscular coordination.

Objective :

Wrestling is one of the sports that have a high percentage of injuries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to review physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling.

Methods:

 The present study was a library-based and systematic review. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was conducted from 2010 to 2022. This search was performed across different databases, including WOS, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, ISC, and Google Scholar. Fifty-five relevant articles were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Finally, 12 articles related to the review of physiological and biomechanical injuries in the field of wrestling were analyzed.

Results:

 The findings showed that the average injuries in the lower area were about 34%, and in the upper area, it was 33%. In the lower part, most of the injuries were reported in the knee and ankle joints, and in the upper part, they were reported in the shoulder, elbow, and waist joints.

Conclusion:

 It seems that excessive weight loss, along with non-observance of the principles of warming up and cooling down in the field of wrestling, is of great importance in the occurrence of injuries in this field.

A Letter to the Editor (LTE) is a brief communication to a journal’s editor or editorial team. It is usually written in response to a recent publication within the journal but can also cover an unrelated topic of interest to the journal’s readership. Many journals welcome LTEs within a dedicated section (e.g. LTEs/Correspondence) to stimulate intellectual discussions between readers and authors. LTEs may be handled by a dedicated ‘LTE’ team. Therefore, in this article, our aim is to provide practical tips on writing a successful LTE.

Creation a relationship between athletes and physical closeness between them can increase the risk of coronavirus at during team and group training. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to design a new smart training tool for ball sports in order to use at pandemic covid-19 period. This training tool includes 4 fixed mechanical rods to install the net on it, a movable column that can be adjusted at different angles, and 3 fixed mechanical rods to keep smart tool fixed on the ground. Also, another mechanism was used in this tool was a complex of electronic components which can count all impact there. The smart training tool can be a very useful tool in order to continue exercise program during the covid-19 pandemic and it can provide a healthy environment for athletes.

Obesity has become a global problem that can affect the mechanism of running in obese people. Abnormal running pattern can lead to skeletal-muscular disorders and subsequently a decrease in the absorption of shocks due to physical activity, an increase in knee and back pain, an increase in the joints’ instability, a reduction in the time to reach the peak of ground reaction forces, and an increase in the peak of ground reaction forces. On the other hand, a change and disorder in the aforementioned components can lead to an increase in loading rate, micro fractures of the tibia bone, patellofemoral pain syndrome, iliotibial band syndrome, plantar fascia, and other soft tissue injuries. Considering the importance of running mechanics in obese people and the lack of sufficient studies in this field, it is necessary to evaluate this issue scientifically. Therefore, all those interested in the field of biomechanics are suggested to conduct studies in this area.

Foot pronation, as one of the prevalent foot abnormalities, can influence the biomechanics of the lower limbs. The use of various foot orthoses, including insoles and braces, is very common in eliminating this problem. The results obtained regarding the effect of orthoses on pain and biomechanics of individuals with foot pronation are different. The present review study was conducted to evaluate the effects of foot orthoses and shoes on the biomechanics of the lower limbs and balance in individuals with foot pronation. The articles were searched in Persian and Latin languages during 2004-22 in the databases of PubMed, Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, Islamic Science Citation (ISC), and Google Scholar search engine. Moreover, the types of the searched studies were original research, review studies, and clinical trials. Using keywords of Foot pronation, Foot orthoses, Medical soles, and Motion-control shoes, 52 relevant articles were selected, and 22 articles regarding the effects of orthoses and shoes on foot pronation were finally analyzed. Eight articles also reported that reducing forces imposed on the joints, absorbing shock, preventing pronation-related running injuries, and improving muscle activity occurred when using orthosis. Furthermore, 4 articles reported improving sports performance in athletes, reducing the ground reaction forces, and changing the frequency of muscle activity. Finally, 2 articles showed that motion-control shoes prevented intensifying the injury due to increased fatigue and subsequently increased mechanical loading during running. The results of the present study demonstrated that foot orthoses and motion-control shoes could have positive effects on balance, improving the activities of the lower limbs and reducing foot pronation and force imposed on the foot and lower limb joints.

Today, many people in society choose running as a general or special activity in order to improve their physical and physiological capabilities. Choosing the right shoes in endurance running can have a great impact on the athlete's performance. Physiological energy economy and maximal oxygen consumption are of particular importance not only among runners but among all athletes. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to compare VO2 Max values and physiological energy economy when using double density spike shoes compared to simple spike shoes. Current study is semi experimental. The statistical sample of the current study includes 30 runners from Ardabil city, who were organized in a group, and the parameters of physiological energy economy, maximum oxygen consumption, resting heart rate, systolic blood pressure and 1600 meters running record were measured during running with both double density spiked shoes and regular spiked shoes. Also, to analyze the data, the analysis of variance test with repeated measurements was used at a significance level of P=0.05. The results of the present study showed not statistically significant difference in the values of maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and 1600 meters running record with two simple and double density shoes after performing 1600 meters running test. However, the systolic blood pressure values while running with double density shoes were less different than the control shoes (P<0.001). It seems that the use of double density shoes does not have much effect on maximum oxygen consumption, heart rate and physiological energy economy. Therefore, in order to receive more confidence and make a more decisive conclusion, there is a need to conduct more research.

The relationship between the use of braces and gait parameters in people with kyphosis has been not well understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of two types of thoracolumbosacral braces on erector spinae, and gluteus medius muscles activities in individuals with kyphosis during walking.

Fifteen males with kyphosis volunteered to participate in the present study. All participants were right footed. Each participant performed three walking trials in each of the three brace conditions including without brace, with alarm brace, and with simple brace. Muscle activities were recorded during walking at constant walk speed. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measures ANOVA test at the significant level of 0.05. All analyses were performed using the SPSS version 22.

There is no significant difference in electromyography activities of the lower limb muscles at the loading response and mid-stance phases (P>0.05). Also, results showed a significant difference during push-off phase for gastrocnemius medialis muscle (P<0.05).

The use of thoracolumbosacral braces reduced the electrical activity of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle during the push-off phase. These changes may lead to gait efficiency while using thoracolumbosacral braces.

Fatigue is one of the effective factors in changing the electrical activity of muscles, so that this index is directly related to the increase in the potential of muscle injuries and performance loss in various sports stages. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to compare the electrical activity values of the lower limb muscles before and after fatigue in the people with a history of Covid-19 compared to healthy people during walking.

The present research was of semi-experimental and laboratory one. The statistical population of the present study included women with a history of Covid-19 and healthy women in Ardabil province. A statistical sample of 28 people with an age range of 18-30 years was selected by purposive sampling. The statistical samples included two groups of 14 healthy people and 14 people with covid-19. The method of asking people for their history of contracting the Covid-19 disease was in such a way that at least two months had passed from their infection and their PCR test results were already positive. healthy people didn't have any symptoms and had negative PCR results. Electromyography data were analyzed using Datalite Biometric program before and after the fatigue protocol. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated measures was used for statistical analysis, and bonferroni post hoc test was used at the significance level of P<0.05.

The results showed significant group-by-fatigue interaction effect for frequency of the vastus latlarais (P=0.031), vastus medialis (P=0.029), and gluteus medius (P=0.035) muscles during loading response phase. The reduction of frequency content at post-test compared with pre-test in healthy group was greater than that Covid-19 group.

It seems that the difference in the frequency of electrical activity of the muscles of the lower limbs in different phases of walking after fatigue in people with Covid-19 compared to healthy ones can be a serious reason for the occurrence of injury and decrease in the stability of the joints during walking. However, more confirmatory researches in the future are needed to prove this relationship.

Genu varum is one of the abnormalities of the lower limbs. The aim of the present study was to review the effect of exercise training and support tools on biomechanics of transitional movements in people with genu varum.

The present study was a review article. The search for articles in Persian and Latin was from the beginning of 2010 to the beginning of March 2023, which was done in the citation databases of WOS, ISC, SID, Magiran, Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar. 32 articles related to the effect of exercise training and support tools on genu varum were analyzed.

Findings of four articles related to aerobic exercises showed an increase in peak reaction forces and loading rate. Findings of six articles showed the positive effects of resistance-corrective exercises due to the improvement of balance and Q angle. Results of two articles showed a reduction in the severity of the abnormality due to the frequent use of the medical floor. Eleven articles discussed the positive effects of orthosis, braces, and wedges. Two articles indicated the increase of Q angle and balance due to the use of kinesio taping. One article demonstrated that the use of kinesio taping can reduce muscle strength. Six articles mentioned the negative effects of the exercise protocol or support tools or have not reported any significant differences.

It appears that performing resistance-corrective exercises along with the continuous use of support tools is more effective compared to performing aerobic exercises.