nader shakeri

Omentin-1 plays an important role in insulin function. Despite numerous studies, the effect of interval training on this adipokine is still vague. This study aimed to elucidate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance (IR), omentin-1 serum levels, and gene expression in the visceral adipose tissue in type 2 diabetic (T2D) rats.

In an experimental study, 20 male rats (8-10 weeks, weight: 250-270 g) were randomly divided into 2 groups: diabetic control (N=10) and diabetic training (N=10). The training protocol was 30 minutes of HIIT (1-min run, 2-min rest) performed 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Fasting blood glucose, insulin resistance, omentin-1 serum level, and gene expression were measured in the visceral fat 48 hours after the last exercise for both groups.

The HIIT resulted in lower serum glucose and insulin resistance (P = 0.001), higher serum omentin-1 levels (P = 0.001), and higher visceral fat gene expression (P = 0.004) in the training group compared to the control group.

Lower serum glucose and insulin resistance and higher omentin-1 serum levels and gene expression in the training group can prove the effectiveness of HIIT training in T2D, although further research is required.

Diabetes causes chronic problems in the structure and function of tissues, such as apoptosis and fibrosis in addition to glycemic disorders. In this study the effect of 8 weeks of endurance and resistance training on various signaling pathways of apoptosis and tissue fibrosis of the heart of diabetic rats was investigated.

Thirty Wistar rats, approximately 8-10 weeks old, weight about 210-250 grams, received intraperitoneal injection of diabetic streptozotocin and were randomly divided into three groups: endurance training, resistance training and control group. The rats of the endurance training group were trained on the treadmill for 8 weeks, 5 days a week with intensity of vo2Max 60-80%. The resistance training group was trained on the ladder with a slope of 85 degrees and with a weight equals to 30-100% of their body weight. Forty eight hours after the last training session, blood samples were collected and ventricular tissues of mice were extracted. Glucose, insulin, serum insulin resistance index and Bcl-2, Bax, caspase 8 gene expression levels and Bax to Bcl-2 ratio were evaluated. Masson's trichrome and hematoxylin-eosin staining methods were used for histological examination of diabetic rat's heart structure to detect fibrosis.

There was a significant decrease in Bax gene expression and the ratio of Bax to Bcl-2, and also there was a significant increase in Bcl-2 and caspase 8 in the endurance and resistance training groups in comparison with the control group. The rate of cardiomyocyte fiber rupture in the endurance and resistance groups was less than the control group, and the presence of lymphocyte cells was observed in some fibers in the control group. (p≤0.05).

The results showed that high-intensity resistance training and moderate-intensity endurance training can prevent tissue fibrosis caused by collagen deposition in diabetes, and these two types of training can reduce the factors involved in apoptosis both in the internal and external pathways. On the other hand, this training intensity can be used as an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce the problems of apoptosis and fibrosis caused by diabetes in the heart tissue.

Due to the importance and role of sponsorship in football revenue sources of and spending huge sums on environmental advertising and advertising on Iranian premier league`s shirts by sponsors, the present study, Capital teams are better suited to sponsor brand or non-capital teams. based on neuroscience and eye tracking techniques. The present study has a practical purpose, and is semi-experimental in nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of 75 individuals selected from football spectators aged 18-60 years, all of whom were male and were tested with an eye tracking device according to the neuroscience protocol. For quantitative analysis, the obtained data were transformed into quantitative data using SPSS 25 software and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The variance analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the Sponsors are better seen in non-capital advertising teams.. It seems sponsors need to understand the thoughts and conscious and unconscious messages of the audience and align their ads with specific and desired messages of their audiences in order to achieve their goals, i.e., to be seen better, and thus to increase the sales and revenue of their products and services through advertising on the athletes' shirts.

 

Obesity and overweight and especially visceral fat accumulation are common findings in people with polycystic ovary syndrome and it has been shown that increasing body fat has a direct role in determining insulin resistance (4) Research shows that weight loss alone in women with polycystic ovary syndrome reduces insulin and androgen levels and resumes ovulation cycles (5) Research has also shown that in people with polycystic ovary syndrome, some cardiovascular risk factors such as fat profile (CHOL, TG, HDL, LDL) (7) are also affected due to The mechanisms of this disease are formed by this change in balance.Today, restrictions on diet and physical activity are recommended by experts as a priority for these patients (3). This has led to the use of different training methods, which have also yielded different results. Among these is a type of intense periodic Tabata exercise (13). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (14).
However, in view of the above, it should be noted that due to the complications of polycystic ovary syndrome, which include infertility, cardiovascular disease and insulin resistance; Reducing the symptoms and treating this disease is very important. Therefore, according to the various results that have shown the role of exercise in controlling the symptoms and complications of this disease, and since no research has been done on the effect of Tabata exercises in water on these patients. The effect of Tabata exercises on cardiovascular risk factors in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome can be of particular importance.

The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05.

The results of two-way analysis of variance test showed exercise (F = 47.708, P = 0.001, µ = 0.536), time (F = 26.049, P = 0.001, µ = 0.317) and exercise-time interaction (F = 69.105, P = 0.001 (5 = 0.552) had a significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Regarding leptin, it was found that exercise, time and interaction of exercise and time had a significant effect on leptin and cholesterol in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Also, the results of Ben Foroni test showed that leptin and cholesterol at the end of the period were significantly lower in the exercise group than the control group.The results also showed that exercise had a significant effect on triglyceride and LDL levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but exercise time and interaction and time had no significant effect.Based on the results of two-way analysis of variance, it was found that exercise and interaction between exercise and time have a significant effect on HDL in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome, but time has a significant effect on HDL in obese women with ovarian syndrome. It did not have polycystic.

It seems that the increasing nature of exercise in water, which with a gradual increase in the intensity of exercise and the use of intense exercise movements that were followed in the present study, has led to an increase in energy consumption and a significant increase in adiponectin concentrations. In addition, the involvement of larger muscle masses in this method of exercise has helped to intensify this process in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Findings have shown that when working in water, more muscle groups are used to overcome water resistance, and this can be useful in increasing the dynamic pressure on bones and muscles and increase energy consumption(23). It seems that this mechanism is the main cause of changes in serum adiponectin in the present study.Intensity and duration of activity, nutritional status of individuals, blood sampling hours, calorie imbalance, rhythm of leptin wheels, etc. are affected by exercise (30). People who are more obese are more resistant to leptin, so they need more exercise to affect leptin levels (30).Modifying the leptin response to exercise can lead to insulin sensitivity and improve energy expenditure. In general, physical activity lowers leptin levels not only by reducing fat mass but also by increasing leptin sensitivity.The results of the present study showed that eight weeks of Tabata training in water had no significant effect on cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cholesterol levels are affected by the balance between endogenous cholesterol and cholesterol from food. In the present study, nutrition and stress could not be controlled. Perhaps due to the pressure and duration of the protocol, cholesterol levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome did not change significantly. Because the mechanism of action of exercise in improving lipid profile is related to the enzymatic processes involved in lipid metabolism, so if exercise was done with proper nutrition, it would allow for greater enzymatic and hormonal adaptation and changes in cholesterol.Regarding the possible mechanism of the effect of physical activity on blood lipoproteins, the findings of previous research have shown that physical activity reduces triglycerides by increasing the activity of two enzymes, lipoprotein lipase and lecithin cholesterol acyl transferase (32). It seems that longer training can be more effective on the lipid profile, while exercise affects most of the lipid profile of women with higher basal triglyceride levels (33). Also, one of the mechanisms of effect of regular physical activity is that it increases the transport and use of triglycerides by muscle (34).

Diabetes is one of the most important health problems in the world, and controlling its risk factors and complications is very important. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of interval training on inflammatory markers among type II diabetic patients.

in this randomized controlled trial 30 eligible patients randomly allocated to one of two parallel groups. Fifteen patients received interval training exercise with 18 sessions (three sessions per week), and fifteen patients in control group had usual physical activity. The primary outcome was measured before and after the intervention.

Interleukin-10 levels were significantly reduced (reduction: 0.96 pg/ml) in patients in the intervention group and increased (0.35 pg/ml) in control group, and this difference was statistically significantly between group (p: 0.015). The levels of interleukin-6 and CRP in the pre- and post-measurement measurements of the two groups did not show a significant difference (p>0.05).

Interval training exercise can be effective in reducing some inflammatory factors, and given that these factors affect the course of the disease and complications associated with diabetes, the use of this type of exercise can be useful for controlling the disease and its complications. More investigation in interval training exercise and its effects on various inflammatory factors are required.

Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder of the reproductive system in women. It is associated with some diseases such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, endometrial hyperplasia, increased risk of cardiovascular disease, depression and sometimes mental disorders (2). Insulin resistance is currently a common feature of polycystic ovary syndrome, which puts women at risk for type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, high blood pressure and obesity. According to research, 70% of women with this complication have insulin resistance (4). Insulin resistance leads to an increase in insulin levels, which stimulates androgen production in the ovarian stroma and impairs follicular development (5). In addition, research has shown that in people with polycystic ovary syndrome, some cardiovascular risk factors such as apolipoproteins (6) are also affected, which due to the mechanisms of this disease, this change in balance is formed. Research suggests that the most important way to prevent and treat infertility disorders in people with polycystic ovary syndrome is to control their diabetes and weight (16). Although the benefits of aerobic exercise have been proven in many studies, little research has been done on intense intermittent exercise. One type of intense intermittent exercise is the Tabata exercise (5). Numerous clinical studies have reported significant aerobic, metabolic, musculoskeletal, and psychological benefits for water sports programs and intermittent swimming exercises (22). Considering the above and the importance of treating polycystic ovary syndrome on the one hand and the importance of angiogenesis on the other hand, the researcher intends to investigate the effect of Tabata exercise in water and metformin on endostatin and in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The present research is a quantitative and applied study that was conducted with a two-group design (experimental and control) with pre-test and post-test. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all women with a body mass index of more than 29.9 in Isfahan with polycystic ovary syndrome. 30 people were selected as a sample from the community and provided they met the inclusion criteria, which were randomly assigned to the experimental group of Tabata + metformin exercise control. Subjects then completed a personal information questionnaire and blood samples were taken after 12 hours of night fasting to determine the level of research variables. In the continuation of the experimental group, the training program consisted of 12 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session lasted 40 minutes of Tabata training in water with a special training song for 20 minutes and 10 minutes of stretching and cooling exercises. The dose of metformin prescribed in the experimental group was 500 mgr twice a day after breakfast and dinner. 48 hours after the last training session, blood samples were taken again from all subjects. Descriptive statistics and Shapiro-Wilk tests, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of 0.05.

The results showed that exercise (F = 27.424, P = 0.001, µ = 0.329) and the interaction of exercise and time (F = 5.865, P = 0.019, µ = 0.095) had a significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. But time had no significant effect on adiponectin in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (F = 0.001, P = 0.972, µ = 0.001). It was also found that insulin resistance at the end of the period was significantly lower in the exercise group than the control group (P = 0.0001). In relation to apolipoprotein A, exercise (F = 0.099, P = 0.754, µ = 0.002), time (F = 1.645, P = 0.205, µ 0.029) and exercise-time interaction (F = 1.213, P = 0.275) were determined. µ = 0.021) had no significant effect on the amount of apolipoprotein A in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Other findings showed exercise (F = 1.138, P = 0.291, µ = 0.020), time (F = 0.585, P = 0.448, µ = 0.010) and exercise-time interaction (F = 0.713, P = 0.402, µ = 0.013 ) Have no significant effect on the amount of apolipoprotein B in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

The results of the present study showed that 12 weeks of Tabata exercise program in water led to a significant reduction in insulin resistance in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. This finding of the present study is consistent with the results of research by Harrison et al. (2012) and Esmailzadeh Tolouei et al. (2015) (20-21). Probably the reason for the decrease in insulin resistance in the present study is a decrease in factors such as weight, body mass index and fat percentage in these people after exercise. Regarding apolipoprotein A, it can be said that apolipoprotein A catalyzes low-density lipoprotein in the blood vessel wall of the body, especially the vascular wall of adipose tissue, by activating the enzyme lipoprotein lipase. In sports activities, low-density lipoprotein catabolism develops. Therefore, it is necessary to increase apolipoprotein A, but since the increase in low-density lipoprotein was not significant in this study, the lack of increase in lipopathological catabolism can be considered a reason for not increasing apolipo protein A. On the other hand, it has been suggested that the increase threshold of apolipo protein A is to exercise more than one hour per session and more than twelve weeks (26). However, the training protocol was followed in the study for 12 weeks, which could be one of the reasons why apolipo protein A did not change. Finally, the fact that apolipoprotein B levels do not decrease following Tabata exercises in the present study may be justified by the fact that LDL levels do not decrease. It seems that controlling the diet by consuming less foods with high or high glycemic index and instead consuming foods with low or medium glycemic index can have a positive effect on the amount of apolipoprotein B (29). Therefore, by controlling this nutritional factor, positive changes of apolipoprotein B can be achieved after exercise. However, in the present study, subjects did not follow a specific diet. A period of Tabata training did not cause a significant change in apolipoprotein B levels in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Due to the importance and role of sponsorship in football revenue sources of and spending huge sums on environmental advertising and advertising on Iranian premier league`s shirts by sponsors, the present study aims to determine how significant and effective the visual attention of the audience can be on brand visibility, based on neuroscience and eye tracking techniques. The present study has a practical purpose, and is semi-experimental in nature. The statistical population of the study consisted of 75 individuals selected from football spectators aged 18-60 years, all of whom were male and were tested with an eye tracking device according to the neuroscience protocol. For quantitative analysis, the obtained data were transformed into quantitative data using SPSS 25 software and data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The variance analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results showed that the intensity of attitudinal and behavioral support and also interest in football influenced the visual attention to the shirt logo. It seems sponsors need to understand the thoughts and conscious and unconscious messages of the audience and align their ads with specific and desired messages of their audiences in order to achieve their goals, i.e., to be seen better, and thus to increase the sales and revenue of their products and services through advertising on the athletes' shirts.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of strength training and c4 supplementation on strength, arterial oxygen saturation and lactate accumulation in strength training men.

For this purpose, 45 men (age: 22 to 35 years) who had at least one year of regular resistance training history were randomly selected and divided into 3 groups of 15 controls, Strength training + placebo and strength training + supplement c4. Subjects performed the same resistance exercises for 6 weeks. Subjects in the supplement group consumed 5 grams of c4 supplement daily in 6 meals for 6 weeks and the placebo group consumed the same amount of starch 30 minutes before exercise. Pre and post intervention arterial oxygen saturation and lactate levels were measured.

strength training in both groups did not lead to significant blood lactate accumulation or oxygen saturation (P>0.05) in spite of significantly increased upper and lower muscle group strength values(p < 0.05). Moreover, no between group difference was recorded for amount of strength development throughout the intervention period (P>0.05).

c4 supplementation nor has benefits on strength performance, neither lowers blood lactate in strength trained athletes.

A main reason of death in diabetes is cardiovascular diseases, which apoptosis plays a critical role through the progress. As known, body exercises can avoid damaging effects of apoptosis on human heart. This study is investigating the effects of resistance exercises in a period of 8 weeks on cardiomyocyte apoptosis status in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.. 20 male wistar rats with age of 8 weeks and 210-250 g weight randomly allocated into two groups. Diabetes was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (50 mg/kg) in diabetic groups. The resistance training carried out a step ladder, load of 30-100 percentage of weight whereas control group remained sedentary. Measuring training adaptations blood and heart tissue samples were taken bout The level of the serum glucose, insulin, insulin resistance index, and gene expression levels Bcl-2,Bax,caspase8 and the ratio of bax/ Bcl-2 were assessed. Implementation of 8 weeks of resistance exercise resulted significant decrease in gene expression levels Bax and the ratio of bax/ Bcl-2 (p=0/000)and a significant increase in Bcl-2(p=0/000) and caspase 8 (p=0/004) compare with control group in diabetic rats. The results show that resistance exercise may be used as a non‐pharmacological strategy to reduce the diabetes‐induced apoptosis in the heart in diabetes disease. Keyword:Type 2 diabetes,apoptosis,resistance exercise, gene expression

Irisin is one of the skeletal muscle secreted myokine that can affect the growth of cancer cells and influence the muscular tissue changes. In the present study, the effect of four weeks continuous and interval exercise training on serum and muscular levels of irisin in breast cancer bearing mice were investigated.

The 32 female Balb/c mice assigned in four group with eight mice including: healthy control, tumor control, interval training+tumor and continuous training+tumor groups. In order to induce breast cancer, MC4-L2 cell line were used. Interval and continuous exercise training program conducted in four weeks and five sessions per week. The 48 hours after last exercise training session, blood samples and gastrocnemius muscle tissue were isolated and used for measurement of irisin levels by ELISA method. Data analyze performed by one-way analysis of variance test and Tukey post-hock test and significant considered at p≤0.05.

Significant increase of irisin serum levels in continuous (p=0.002) and interval (p=0.011) training group compared to tumor control group was observed. Tumor volume significantly decreased in continuous and interval training group (p>0.05), but not significant changes in gastrocnemius muscle weight observed after continuous and interval training (p>0.05).

According to present study findings, the observed antitumor effects of continuous and interval training can partly attribute to increase in irisin levels and there is no significant difference between continuous and interval exercise training

Aging is one of the problems that has developed in the industrial world today and is gradually developing in the third world. Advances in medical knowledge have increased life expectancy and thus increased the elderly population. Unfortunately, most older people suffer from several diseases and serious health problems. For example, with increasing age, muscle becomes weak for various reasons, reducing the size of muscle fiber, reducing the number of type 2 fibers, reducing the number of motor units and also reducing the ability to activate motor units, including factors involved in muscle weakness and reduction. Functional abilities of the elderly. Decreased flexibility of the hamstring and cuff muscles is associated with a wide range of injuries. Due to the role of these muscles in motor function on the one hand and the reduction of motor function in the elderly on the other hand, for the treatment of motor function in the elderly, various methods such as hydrotherapy, release techniques, massage and rolling foam training are suggested. In this regard, researchers cite evidence and reasons that show that the use of massage increases peoplechr('39')s performance. As the massage relaxes the muscles. It can also help increase joint flexibility. However, there is conflicting information about the effect of massage.On the other hand, it is claimed that rolling foam corrects muscle imbalance. Rolling foam has been used in several rehabilitation programs to help soft tissue flexibility, increase range of motion, and optimally increase skeletal muscle function. Although the use of rolling foam has been strongly supported in research, there is little research to date in this field. Based on the above, the researcher seeks to answer the question whether there is a difference between the effect of two training programs with rolling foam and massage on the motor function of the hamstrings and cuff muscles in older women or not?

The statistical population of the present quasi-experimental study consisted of elderly women in District 4 of Tehran in 1397. Among the volunteers, 45 people were randomly selected from among the volunteers and randomly divided into three massage groups (15 people). (N = 15) and control (n = 15) were divided. Then the massage group underwent 20 minutes of sessions in the first two weeks and 30 minutes of sessions in the third week and 3 sessions per week. The foam training group also performed 6 weeks, three sessions per week and one hour of foam training with soft to hard models. Before the start and one day after the last training session, the subjects performed motor performance tests again. Finally, descriptive statistics, Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc were used to analyze the data using SPSS / 21 software at the significance level of p =0.05.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effect of two training programs with foam rolling and massage on the range of motion of the hamstring muscles of the right and left legs on the one hand and the range of motion of the right and left hand cuff muscles on the other hand (p=0.001). Also, there was a significant difference between the rolling foam group with massage (p=0.001), the rolling foam with control (p=0.001) and the massage with control (p=0.001).

In the present study, the use of rolling foam and massage showed a significant effect on the motor function of hamstring and cuff muscles in elderly women. Research has reported that massage, by increasing lymph and venous rinsing, removes excess metabolic products, enhances deep tissue relaxation, facilitates the reduction of muscle fibers, and promotes greater tissue mobility. It seems that these factors increase the flexibility of massage by reducing stiffness at the level of a thread and increasing the optimal length of the muscle. On the other hand, flexibility is one of the important factors in performing performance tests. This may be the reason for the effect of massage on the motor function of the hamstring and cuff muscles.Also, having the right motivation and not feeling tired can affect your work capacity. Since the location and center of fatigue is the central nervous system, performance is also affected. Balance also depends on the proper functioning of the cerebellum, middle ear, vision, touch, tendons and joints, muscles, and the ability to coordinate these factors. Therefore, strengthening the effective factors in maintaining balance, including deep sense of joints can be effective in treating and preventing balance problems, and stimulating the tactile receptor of skin, muscles and capsules using massage can improve joint deep sense. And thus contribute to joint functional stability. It seems that massage with different mechanisms and the effect on flexibility, balance, reduction of fatigue and the factors involved in them improve motor function.Another finding showed that the use of rolling foam has a significant effect on the motor function of hamstring and cuff muscles in elderly women. This effect may be due to the effect of foam on flexibility. This is because the increase in flexibility may be due to the increase in the temperature of the muscles involved due to the use of rolling foam. The steady motion of the rolling foam may also increase the viscoelastic properties of the muscle by increasing the temperature of the intramuscular tissue and blood flow. When the fascia is exposed to heat and pressure, it softens and assumes a more liquid state, otherwise it thickens and its viscosity and solid state increase. Thikiotropic properties of fascia are another possible mechanism for increasing flexibility.Finally, the greater effect of massage than rolling foam may be due to the rolling position of the hamstring muscles, in which people may place their body weight on the hands or other parts of the body instead of the foam. It is also possible that pressure is not applied to all parts of the body in the same way.

Most sports require strength and endurance, and maximum strength affects both of these factors. In fact, the rate of recall and the speed of activation of motor units increase with the use of heavier loads and faster contractions (3). This is also true in the sport of karate. Because the speed of implementation of techniques and tactics in the sport of karate is very important and decisive at the professional level and is considered an important step in the success of their struggles. In the meantime, the Giakozuki Chudan technique is the first and simplest hand technique in combat. To score a hit, he must hit the opponentchr('39')s chest and abdomen with maximum speed (4). In general, improving athletic performance is an issue that athletes have always faced. For this reason, it is common in men to use commercial supplements and do heavy resistance training to increase muscle mass with the goal of improving proper physical appearance, competition success, or gaining strength (6). Nitric oxide is a signaling molecule that contributes to a number of physiological factors, including mitochondrial and biological respiration, muscle glucose uptake, angiogenesis, and cell calcium regulation. Also, increasing plasma nitrite levels through dietary nitrate increases endurance and performance among athletes (8). Nitrate also affects skeletal muscle contraction and mitochondrial efficiency, glucose homeostasis, and respiration (10). Research has shown that nitrate increases lower extremity blood flow during exercise in rats and directs blood flow to type II muscle fibers. Human studies also suggest that nitrate supplementation can increase explosive force production and maximize voluntary force generation in knee blasting (11).Considering the above and since training causes the comprehensive development of endurance, strength, speed, flexibility and, and considering that in karate the coordination of different body parts and fast and regular movements are very important, the researcher seeks to answer The question is whether the effect of 8 weeks of special strength training with nitrate supplementation has an effect on the speed of Zukkichr('39')s hand and the strength of Karateka menchr('39')s hands.

The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest design with 3 experimental groups and a control group. To conduct this research, among the karatekas of selected teams in Tehran province in the age range of 22 to 28 years and 3 years of regular karate practice, 40 people were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups: control, strength training, nitrate supplementation and training. And nitrate supplements were divided. Then, 24 hours before the start of the exercises and immediately after the end of the exercises, the desired tests were performed to collect data. The exercises were performed in such a way that first the maximum strength of the subjects was obtained using the 1RM test by McGuigan et al. (1997) in all movements (12). Then, the strength training program was performed in such a way that the subjects practiced their exercises in the evening in 6 movements: chest press, forearm, back arm, leg press, back thigh and front thigh for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and Each session performed exercises for 45 to 60 minutes using a dual pyramid method. As the training load increased from 80% to 95% and decreased to 80% again in three sets, the number of repetitions decreased and then increased in proportion to the load (13). Once every two weeks, 1RM test was taken from the subjects and a new program was given to the subjects to observe the principle of overload. In the exercise and nitrate supplement group, in addition to strength training, the subjects consumed one capsule of nitrate at the rate of 5.5 mmol per day with fruit juice (15). The supplement group also used only nitrate supplement. The control group did not exercise and used a placebo. Finally, from the descriptive statistics, Shepherwillek test to check the normality of data distribution and one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc tests using SPSS 21 software at a significance level of 0.05 for data analysis.

The results showed that 8 weeks of strength training with nitrate supplementation on Zouki hand stroke speed (F = 29.896, P = 0.001), hand strength (F = 60.647, P = 0.001), upper body muscle strength (F = 1772.540, P = 0.001) And lower body muscle strength (F = 230.62, P = 0.001) had a significant effect on karateka men. Also, the results of Tukey test showed that there is a significant difference between the control group with the training group, the control group with the training and supplement group, the training group with the supplement group and the supplement group with the training and supplement group, but between the control group and the supplement group. There is no significant difference between the exercise group and the exercise and supplement groups (Tables 1 to 4).

Regarding the effect of strength training on Zoukichr('39')s hand speed, it can be said that resistance training is an important part of the training program in most sports by increasing muscle strength, strength, speed, hypertrophy, muscular endurance, motor performance, balance and Coordination plays an important role in improving athletic performance. To achieve these goals in a strength training program, it is necessary to design a proper training program (17). On the other hand, fast performance is one of the salient features of elite karate. Therefore, good performance in karate depends on speed and agility. Due to the nature of karate, the speed of hand movement and the speed of foot movement are the most important factors for good performance (18).Regarding the effect of strength training on hand strength and upper and lower body muscle strength, it can be said that resistance training usually increases the synthesis of myofibrillar proteins, which leads to increased muscle hypertrophy, especially in type 2 fibers (19). On the other hand, strength is closely related to type 2 fibers and hypertrophy. This may be the reason for the findings of the present study. Regarding the effect of nitrate supplementation on the strength of upper and lower torso muscles, we can mention the mechanism of the effect of nitrate on NO production. Nitrite and nitrate, which are products of NO metabolism; They also act as a NO reservoir (24). On the other hand, studies show the role of NO in regulating neurogenesis in the hippocampus. Neurogenesis is the process by which new nerve cells are produced during fetal development (25). Nitrate may increase the recall of more rapidly contracting muscle units by producing NO and affecting neurogenesis, thereby increasing muscle strength.Generally in skeletal muscle, high levels of Nnos are present to contract muscle and control blood flow to the area. Skeletal muscles have the micro nitric oxide synthase isoform. NO is produced in contractile muscles and by activating soluble guanylyl cyclase, it dilates the smooth muscles of the vascular wall (26). This makes available enough energy for muscle contraction, which may be the main reason for the present study.

The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in food supplements and proper exercise can have a positive effect on decreasing oxidative stress by free radical hunting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic training and L-carnitine supplementation on some of the oxidative stress factors in the liver of diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male wistar rats (200-300 gr) were randomly divided into six groups: 1) sham group, 2) healthy control group 3) diabetic control group, 4) diabetic group receiving L-carnitine, 5) diabetic group of aerobic training, 6) diabetic group of aerobic training and receiving L-carnitine. The aerobic exercise protocol included six weeks, five sessions per week on the treadmill. After intervention, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) levels were determined in liver tissue.

Six weeks of aerobic exercise had a significant effect on MDA factor in hepatic tissue in diabetic rats (P-value: 0.024). However, supplementation (P-value: 0.868) and combined intervention of aerobic exercise and supplementation of L-carnitine (P-value: 0.465) did not have the significant effect on MDA factor. Also, 6 weeks of aerobic training, supplementation of L-carnitine, and combined intervention had no significant effect on SOD and GPX factors of hepatic tissue in diabetic rats (P-value> 0.05).

L-carnitine supplementation with regular exercise can have beneficial effects on hepatic antioxidant defense system in rats with type 2 diabetes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks resistance training on G6Pase expression in liver cells, as well as glucose and insulin levels in type 2 diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 16 wistar rats were selected as the research sample. After injection of nicotinamide and streptozocin to induce diabetes, the rats were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training and control. The resistance group participated in a course of resistance training for up to 12 week in five sessions per week, with intensity of 75% and a time of 30 to 45 minutes. Finally, 48 hours after the last exercise session, G6Pase expression in liver cells, as well as glucose and insulin levels were measured in both groups.

Comparison of resistance and control training groups showed a decrease in glucose levels (P-value= 0.001) and increased insulin levels (P-value= 0.001). Exercise also reduced the expression of G6Pase in liver cells in the resistance training group (P-value= 0.001).

Based on the results of the study, it is recommended that diabetics use resistance training under the supervision of a specialist to reduce the negative effects of diabetes.

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 12 weeks resistance training on G6Pase And PEPCK Gene Expression in Liver Hepatocytes, Glucose Levels And Beta- cells function in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Type 2 diabetes is the most common endemic disease due to non-glucose intolerance, which affects the balance between reserves and insulin requirements. Several factors play a role in the development of this disease.Obesity increases the risk of developing the disease by increasing insulin resistance and increasing blood glucose levels. Also, other factors such as hormonal, genetic, metabolic and enzymatic disorders can also be effective in the development of type 2 diabetes.  In this regard, most studies have sought to understand how hormonal or metabolic factors affect insulin function and synthesize or release it from beta cells. But less attention has been paid to glucose production processes by some body tissues (such as liver) that especially in diabetic patients, lead to hyperglycemia .In fact, an increase in glucose, which is mainly due to increased glucose release, is a major feature of type 2 diabetes. The liver is one of the key mechanisms for maintaining and stabilizing the systemic glucose hemostasis in the body that is able to produce glucose by some pathways such as breaking glycogen (glycogenolysis) and the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors such as pyruvate, glycerol, lactate and alanine (gluconeogenesis). The rate of gluconeogenesis is controlled and regulated by the activity of some enzymes such as phosphoanol pyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), fructose 1 and 6 diphosphatase, and glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase). This indicates the key role of these enzymes in the regulation of glucose hemostasis and thus diabetes . Also, the genetic coding of these proteins is strongly controlled by the transcription of certain key hormones, particularly insulin, glucagon, adrenaline (epinephrine), and glucocorticoids. Given the negative impact of diabetes on individual and social life, researchers are always looking for ways to minimize, prevent and treat diabetes. In this regard, various methods such as medication and various sports exercises have been used and contradictory conclusions have been obtained.

In this experimental study, 16 rats of the Wistar breed with a mean weight of 20 20 220 g were randomly divided into two groups of resistance training (n = 8) and control group (n = 8). The rats were injected with nicotinamide 95 mg / kg body weight and after 15 minutes STZ injection 55 mg / kg intraperitoneally. The training program used in this study included resistance training. In the resistance training group, 8 male Wistar 10-week-old diabetic rats participated in the training sessions for 12 weeks in 5 sessions per week in 3 courses with 6 repetitions per period. The Rest intervals between the courses was 3 minutes and the Rest intervals between repetitions in each period was 45 seconds.
The training program was as follows:- In the first week, repetitions were performed with 10% of body weight.
- In the second and third weeks, repetitions were performed with 20% of body weight.
- In the fourth and fifth weeks, repetitions were performed with 40% of body weight.
- In the sixth and seventh weeks, repetitions were performed with 60% of body weight.
-In the eighth and ninth weeks, repetitions were performed with 80% of body weight.
- From the tenth to the twelfth week, repetitions were performed with 100% body weight. The control group also consisted of 8 male 10 week old male Wistar rats who were diabetic intraperitoneally injected and were not involved in any training program Finally,48 hours after the last exercise session, G6Pase And PEPCK gene expression in liver cells, glucose levels and beta- cells function were measured in both groups. Independent T-test was used for inferential analysis of the data.

Findings in relation to gene expression showed that resistance training resulted in a significant reduction of expression of the G6Pase enzyme, glucose levels and increase Beta- cells function in the liver cells of the resistance group compared to the control group. These results are presented in Table 1.Table 1. Relative expression of G6Pase, PEPCK expression, glucose levels and Beta- cells function in resistance and control groups.

The results of the present study showed that resistance training to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic rats did not have a significant effect. The mechanism of action of different types of exercise on glucose homeostasis is similar. Resistance training increases muscle mass and strength, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and glycemic control. Also, resistance training increases glucose uptake by active muscles and stimulates GLUT-4 and its transfer to the cell membrane, and rapid glucose uptake increases active skeletal muscle by protein carriers (34).
In the present study, resistance training seems to stimulate glucose metabolism and thus lead to changes in blood glucose levels. Because blood sugar is affected by hepatic glycogenolysis (due to the presence of the enzyme glucose phosphatase), it can be said that the intensity and duration of the resistance training program in the present study may have caused changes in the glycogenolysis process. However, the changes do not appear to be significant enough to lead to a significant change in insulin resistance, perhaps the duration of training should be changed to see a significant change in insulin resistance. Of course, these are speculations that need further research.

The use of non-enzymatic antioxidants in the form of dietary supplements has a positive effect on reducing oxidative stress, and preventing apoptosis as they interrupt free radicals. The aim of this study was to investigate the aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption impacts on diabetes induced apoptosis, oxidative stress factors, and mitochondrial enzymes in rats.

In this Clinical trial study, 45 male Wistar rats (200-300 g) were divided into six groups including sham, healthy control, diabetic control, diabetic & L-carnitine, diabetic & aerobic exercise, diabetic receiving L-carnitine & aerobic exercise . The rats attained a diabetic state with a single dose of STZ intraperitoneal injection (55 mg/kg body weight) and receiving L-carnitine 100 mg per day. The aerobic exercise protocol including five sessions per week was administered. The heart tissues of the dependent variables were measured by ELISA 24 hours after the last session of the exercise program. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test at P-value< 0.05 were used to analyze the data.

result show that aerobic exercise and L-carnitine consumption have a significant effect on BAX (P-value= 0.001), Bcl-2 (P-value= 0.001), and SOD (P-value= 0.001) in diabetic rats.

The results of the present study confirm the role of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine in improving the indices of apoptosis and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic rats

Diabetes is the most common glandular disease in the world and various ways are used to treat it. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of a period of increased aerobic training and consumption of L-carnitine on some inflammatory factors in the cardiac tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

For this purpose, 45 male Wistar rats weighing 250 to 300 g were selected and randomly divided into six groups of sham (8 rats), healthy controls (8 rats), diabetic control (8 rats), diabetic receiving L-carnitine (8 rats), diabetic aerobic training (8 rats), and diabetic aerobic training and L-carnitine intake (8 rats). Rats were made diabetic by subcutaneous injection of nicotine amide (95 mg/kg) and after 15 minutes with Streptozocin (STZ) injection (55 mg/kg). Rats receiving L-carnitine received 100 mg of L-carnitine daily orally. The aerobic training groups also performed an aerobic exercise program on the treadmill, 5 days a week, from 9 am to 11 am for six weeks. 24 hours after the last training session, rats were anesthetized using chloroform and cardiac tissue removed after dissection. Dependent variables were measured by ELISA and assay kits in heart tissue. Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test at the significant level of 0.05 was used for data analysis.

The results showed that aerobic training and consumption of L-carnitine had significant effect on IL-10 (p=0.028) and TNF-α (p=0.036) in diabetic rats.

The results of the present study seem to confirm the role of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine in improving apoptosis and oxidative stress indices in type 2 diabetic rats. But they should be prescribed in consultation with a physician.

Diabetes is one of the serious medical problems in recent years. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of six weeks’ endurance training and L-carnitine consumption on Bax / Bcl-2 and oxidative stress indices of heart tissue of diabetic rats.

In this experimental study, 45 male Wistar rats (weighing 20 ± 250 gr) were randomly divided into 6 groups including healthy control, diabetic control, sham, exercise, L carnitine and exercise and L-carnitine. Rats were diabetic peritoneally injected with nicotinamide at a dose of 95 mg / kg body weight and after 15 minutes of STZ injection of 55 mg / kg body weight. Rats receiving El Carnitine received daily 100 mg of l-carnitine orally. Aerobic exercises were performed for 5 weeks a week, from 9:00 to 11:00, for six weeks. The variables were measured by ELISA and ASA kits and in the heart tissue. One-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc test were used to analyze the data using Shapiro Wylak test.

The results showed that increasing endurance training and L-carnitine consumption had a significant effect on GPX (P = 0.001), MDA (P = 0.001), and Bax / Bcl2 heart rate (P = 0.001) in diabetic rats.

According to the findings of this study, the use of aerobic exercise and L-carnitine (in consultation with the physician) are recommended to reduce the complications of diabetes.

Shift work can be considered a cause of health problems and a risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic physical activity on cTNI, visceral fat and plasma biomarkers of cardiovascular disease risk among shift workers of Sarir Plast Industrial Group.

The present research is a semi-experimental research that was carried out on the shift workers of the Sarir Plast Industrial Group. Thirty workers, with an average of 5 years of shift work history, were selected through judgmental sampling technique and were then randomly assigned to the two groups of aerobic physical activity (n = 15) and control group (n = 15). Based on the schedule, the experimental group performed 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week with 50% - 70% THR intensity. Both before and immediately after the plan, the activity, height, BW, VF, cTNI, TC, TG, HDL, LDL, vLDL and VO2, max were measured. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Levene’s test, Mbox-test, and ANCOVA were employed (P < 0.05).

The BW, VF, TC, TG, and LDL significantly decreased in the post-test for the experimental group, while the value of HDL and VO2, max increased. However, cTNI and vLDL did not change significantly (P < 0.05).

Aerobic physical activity was effective in reducing the risk factors of CVD in shift workers. It appeared that aerobic physical activity could be used as a non-pharmacological approach to prevent CVD in shift workers.

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is an important cytokine that secreted from skeletal muscles in response to exercise and has a different effect on various tissue such as muscular tissue. Present study conducted aimed to investigate the effect of eight weeks of circuit resistance training on serum levels of IL-15 in young overweight males. 20 overweight young males (BMI: 26.32±0.98 kg.m2) randomly divided into two control and circuit resistance training groups (n=10). Circuit resistance training program performed for eight weeks and three session per week. Each training session consisted of nine exercise that performed with 50 to 60 percent of 1RM. Over this time, the subjects in control group continue their routine daily program. After 48 hours from the last training session, post-test blood samples taken up to 7 ml from brachial vein, as in pre-test, in order to measurement the levels of desired variables including IL-15, IGF-I and IGFBP-3. Present study findings indicated that changes in the levels of IL-15, IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were not statistically significant between the control and circuit resistance training groups (p>0.05). However, percent body fat in trained group indicated significant decrease compared to control group (p=0.003). According to present study findings, it seems that circuit resistance training positive effects over eight weeks in overweight young males is mediated by other pathways beside the changes in levels of studied variables including IL-15.

Physiological stress due to physical activity associated with mental stress can affect the responses of the sympathoadrenal axis and the hypothalamic-pituitary axis.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of exercise with mental stress on cortisol and alpha-amylase changes in young men.

In a quasi-experimental study, 20 inactive healthy men were randomly selected and divided into two groups of exercise and exercise with mental stress. The exercise group pedaled on a fixed bike at an intensity of 60% of maximal aerobic power for 37 minutes and the exercise group with mental stress received 20 minutes of mental stress (from 12th minutes to 32nd minutes) during the 37 minutes of pedaling. Salivary samples were collected before and immediately after the end of the exercise.

The exercise had a significant effect on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0.007) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.01). Exercise with mental stress had a significant effect on salivary cortisol (P = 0.004) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.04). The exercise and exercise with mental stress had the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol (P = 0.42) and alpha-amylase (P = 0.83).

It seems that exercise and exercise with mental stress have the same effects on increasing salivary cortisol and alpha-amylase levels.

Physical exercise is known to have a positive effect on pain responses induced by stress, while chronic stress causes a negative effect on cognitive abilities. Depending on the type, duration, and intensity of the stressor, it can induce analgesia or hyperalgesia. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of traditional Chinese medicine MLC901 on stress processes have been reported. Here, the effects of MLC901 and moderate physical activity on pain response in restraint-stressed mice was investigated.

Male NMRI mice were used in this study and were restrained in plexiglass mesh restrainers for induction of chronic restraint stress. Treadmill exercise was carried out for moderated exercise, 5 days/week for 4 weeks. MLC901 was intraperitoneally administered in the experimental groups. The pain response of the adult NMRI mice was detected via the hot-plate test.

It was showed that intraperitoneal administration of MLC901 dose (0.4 but not 0.1 and 0.2 mg/kg; once/2 days; for 25 days) resulted in the decreased percentage of time in the hot plate, indicating hyperalgesia. Moreover, restraint stress for 3 but not 6 and 9 hours/day elicit hyperalgesia in mice. The data showed that subthreshold dose of MLC901 (0.1 mg/kg) reduced hyperalgesia in 3-day stressed mice. Moderate treadmill running (10 meters/min for 30 min/day, 5 days/ week) potentiated the effect of 6 and 9 days on pain (induced hyperalgesia) that was blocked by MLC901 (0.1 mg/kg).

Our findings indicated that subthreshold dose of MLC901 alone or when it associated with moderate exercise decreased hyperalgesia induced by stress, indicating the protective effect of MLC901.

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. But taking it without prescription from a physician to increase athletic and academic performance is common. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of methylphenidate and aerobic exercise on the function of rats' liver enzymes.

Samples of this study were 80 male Wistar rats with average weight of 228±15 gr which divided into eight groups of ten. Studied groups included control group, aerobic exercise sham, drug sham, aerobic exercise, 10 mg of drug, 30 mg of drug, aerobic exercise +10 mg and aerobic exercise +30 mg group. Drug groups and aerobic exercise + drug groups took drugs according to their weights orally. The physical activity (25 m/min) was performed 30 minutes a day, three days a week for two months for aerobic exercise and aerobic exercise + drug groups. After the last session of aerobic exercise, blood samples were taken from the rats, and also liver enzymes were measured. Statistical computations (ANOVA, Tukey) were performed for data analysis at the level of 0.05.

Statistical calculations among different groups showed that serum changes in liver enzymes in the aerobic exercise group were not significantly different from the control, aerobic, and sham groups. However, in the drug group and also in the exercise + drug group, the increased dose-dependent of serum in liver enzymes was significantly higher than the control, aerobic, drug sham, and aerobic training groups (p<0.05).

A dose-dependent increase in liver enzymes in the drug and exercise + drug groups, even in comparison to the aerobic exercise group, suggests a possible hepatotoxicity of non-therapeutic use of methylphenidate risk of non-therapeutic methylphenidate associated with aerobic exercise. Therefore, further research is needed to confirm and generalize these results.

Physical exercise has positive effects on stress-induced pain response, while chronic stress persuades a negative effect on cognitive functions. Depending on the nature, duration and intensity of the stressor, it can repress pain (stress-induced analgesia) or exacerbate pain (stress-induced hyperalgesia). Furthermore, beneficial effects of Harmane on stress processes have been reported in rodents. This study aimed to investigate the effects of Harmane and moderate physical activity (associated or not) on pain response in restraint stressed mice.

Harmane was injected intraperitoneally at doses of 0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg, every other day until 28 days, and pain response of the adult NMRI mice was detected using the hot-plate test

The results exhibited that Harmane, at all doses used, did not alter pain perception in mice; however, 3- but not 6 and 9-day restraint stress (3 hours per day) induced hyperalgesia per se. In addition, Harmane reduced hyperalgesia in 3-day stressed mice, while moderate treadmill running (10 m/min for 30 min/day, 5 day/week) caused hyperalgesia in 6- and 9-day stressed mice. Furthermore, the hyperalgesia induced by moderate treadmill running in 9-day stressed mice restored by Harmane.

The findings indicated that Harmane has a protective effect on hyperalgesia induced by stress per se or potentiated effect of moderate treadmill running in stressed mice.

Type 2 diabetes has many complications, including cardiovascular disease, which is associated with an increase in inflammatory biomarkers. Research has shown that physical activity can reduce inflammatory factors and improve cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise on some of the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.

In this study, 18 male rats were selected. Rats were diabetic with nicotinamide and streptozotocin (stz) and then randomly divided into 2 groups of control (n=9) and training (n=9). The training group performed a resistance training program for 8 weeks, 5 days a week. Measurement of TNF-α and IL10 expression in the heart tissue was determined using the one step SYBR TAKARA single-step kit. To compare the difference between the mean of variables between exercise and control groups, independent t-test and t-test were used also to determine the effect of diabetes induction on variables. To determine the relationship between variables, Pearson correlation coefficient and separation correlation coefficient were used. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 22.

The results showed that the insulin resistance index decreased significantly in the training group compared to the control group. On the other hand, the expression of TNF-α gene decreased and IL10 showed a significant increase (α≤0.05).

The results indicate that resistance training may be effective in modulating the inflammatory factors of TNF-α and IL10 in the heart tissue of type 2 diabetic rats.